Changes in Renal Parameters Associated with Typhoid Infection

Abstract

Background: Typhoid is a vital health hazard globally but its incidence is greater in developing compared to developed countries owing to low sanitation, poor hygiene practices, unsafe food and drinking water.
 Objective: This study was designed to determine the changes in renal parameters associated with male and female Typhoid patients.
 Materials and Methods: A hundred and twenty male and hundred and twenty female Typhoid patients were divided into four groups made up of sixty Typhoid positive male, sixty Typhoid negative male, sixty Typhoid positive female and sixty Typhoid negative females. The renal parameters were evaluated using Spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed using statistical package for social science version 20 statistical software.
 Results: The result of renal changes associated with male and female Typhoid fever patient showed insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in Total serum Protein and significant increase (p < 0.05) in Creatinine level of both male and female patient compared to their control. It showed insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in potassium ion and sodium ion of the Typhoid positive male patient, significant decrease in sodium ion and insignificant decrease in potassium ion of the Typhoid positive female compare to their controls. Similarly, the result of the Typhoid positive male patients showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in Chloride ion and insignificant decrease (p < 0.05) in Chloride ion of Typhoid positive female compare to their control. Furthermore, it showed insignificant decrease (p < 0.05) in Urea level of the Typhoid positive males and insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in Urea level of the Typhoid positive females.
 Conclusions: Renal parameters as a tool for examining cases of early typhoid infections may aid in detecting early complications related to typhoid fever so as to aid in patients care and avert death that may come from such complication.

Evaluation of Some Hepato- Renal Biochemical Parameters in Typhoid Fever Patients in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State Nigeria

“…This means that typhoid fever did not affect the renal system in this study. This is consistent with the position of Ozougwu et al [11]. The authors reported that urea was unaffected in patients with typhoid fever.…”

“…In this study, AST serum activities were elevated due to salmonella infection-induced hepatocyte damage. Similar results were reported by Ozougwu et al [11] in Nigeria, Srikanth and Kumar [23] in India and Al-Dahhan [24] in Iraq.…”

“…Significant reductions in sodium concentrations when potassium and chloride levels are stable may be due to the ability of typhoid fever to cause fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and ultimately hyponatremia due to sodium loss. On the contrary, this study was inconsistent with the findings by Ozougwu, et al [11] and Ndukaku. [16].…”

“…Since typhoid fever is a systemic disease, it can affect any organ in the body. Studies have shown that it affects the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, kidneys, lung muscles, and gallbladder [9,11,12,13]. Reports have shown the effects of typhoid fever on renal function.…”

“…Reports have shown the effects of typhoid fever on renal function. These appear and are detected by various disorders of renal biochemical parameters such as electrolytes, urea and creatinine [11,14,15]. Biochemical changes in liver enzymes that indicate liver damage have been reported in patients infected with typhoid fever [9,16,17].…”