Changes in Seasonal Respiratory Illnesses in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Rodgers, Loren; Sheppard, Michael; Smith, Amanda R.; Dietz, Stephanie; Jayanthi, P; Yuan, Yan; Bull, Lara; Wotiz, Samantha; Schwarze, Tessa; Azondékon, Roseric; Hartnett, Kathleen P.; Adjemian, Jennifer; Kirking, Hannah L.; Kite-Powell, Aaron

doi:10.1093/cid/ciab311

Cited by 92 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…According to other studies [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 ], our results show that the circulation of respiratory viruses was disrupted during the pandemic, even if the magnitude of this effect was different between the viruses analyzed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…These preventive strategies, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, may have contributed to reducing the circulation of other respiratory viruses besides SARS-CoV-2 [ 12 , 13 ]. Different studies show that social restrictions had an impact on the spread of both seasonal influenza [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] and other respiratory viruses [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Francesco

Pollara

Gargiulo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017–February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020–May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults >18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Francesco

Pollara

Gargiulo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Since the beginning of the pandemic, many countries have observed a near total disappearance of RSV and influenza cases. 3,4 In Canada, 339 627 tests for RSV were reported through the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases. Of these tests, 239 were positive between Aug. 29, 2020, and May 8, 2021.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Canada

Lavoie

Reicherz

Solimano

et al. 2021

CMAJ

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“…Recently, several researchers reported that the NPIs for COVID-19 suppressed the outbreak of common respiratory virus infections as well as that of COVID-19. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The outbreaks of common respiratory virus infections are not directly affected by the COVID-19 vaccination rate or the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants; hence, the data of common respiratory virus infection outbreaks help determine the effect of NPIs without being affected by other factors related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Among the common respiratory viruses, non-enveloped viruses such as rhinovirus (RV), human bocavirus (BOV), and adenovirus (ADV) are continuously detected despite the implementation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic, because they are more resistant to environmental challenges or alcohol-based disinfectants than enveloped viruses and can be easily transmitted through not only respiratory droplets but also contacts with unwashed hands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhinovirus Incidence Rates Indicate We Are Tired of Non-pharmacological Interventions Against Coronavirus Disease 2019

et al. 2022

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Background During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the incidence of rhinovirus (RV) is inversely related to the intensity of non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), such as universal mask wearing and physical distancing. Methods Using RV surveillance data, changes in the effect of NPIs were investigated in South Korea during the pandemic. The time to the first visible effect of NPIs after the onset of NPIs (T1), time to the maximum effect (T2), and duration of the maximum effect (T3) were measured for each surge. For each week, the RVdiff [(RV incidence during the pandemic) − (RV incidence within 5 years before the pandemic)] was calculated, and number of weeks for RVdiff to be below zero after NPIs (time to RVdiff ≤ 0) and number of weeks RVdiff remains below zero after NPIs (duration of RVdiff ≤ 0) were measured for each surge. Results During the study period, four surges of COVID-19 were reported. As the pandemic progressed, T1 and T2 increased, but T3 decreased. Additionally, the “time to RVdiff of ≤ 0” increased and “duration of RVdiff of ≤ 0” decreased. These changes became more pronounced during the third surge (mid-November 2020), before the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine, and from the emergence of the delta variant. Conclusion The effect of NPIs appears slower, the duration of the effect becomes shorter, and the intensity also decreases less than a year after the onset of the pandemic owing to people’s exhaustion in implementing NPIs. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 response strategy must be completely overhauled.

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Changes in Seasonal Respiratory Illnesses in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Cited by 92 publications

References 20 publications

Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Potential resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Canada

Rhinovirus Incidence Rates Indicate We Are Tired of Non-pharmacological Interventions Against Coronavirus Disease 2019

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