“…Some researchers have focused on the effectiveness of different approaches to teaching the nature of science in the general context of student learning (Abd-El-Khalick & Lederman, 2000a;Bartholomew et al, 2004) or teacher preparation (Abd-El-Khalick & Lederman, 2000b;Khishfe & Abd-El-Khalick, 2002), while others have focused on teaching the nature of science in the context of specific disciplinary frameworks (Abd-El-Khalick, 2001;Brickhouse et al, 2002;Driver et al, 1996;Duschl, 1990;Leach, Hind, & Ryder, 2003;Matthews, 2000;Shipman et al, 2002). Improving students' and teachers' understanding of the nature of science has shifted from being a desirable goal, to being a central one for achieving scientific literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1990;National Research Council, 1996).…”