“…Yet overall, very little is known about the subjective emotional effects of electrical stimulation to most cortical regions. The few scattered case studies published to date suggest that the ACC, OFC, and INS yield distinctive affective responses following electrical stimulation: stimulation of the ACC has been reported to elicit changes in autonomic reactivity (Mangina & Beuzeron-Mangina, 1996;Mulak, Kahane, Hoffmann, Minotti, & Bonaz, 2008;Parvizi, Rangarajan, Shirer, Desai, & Greicius, 2013;Pool & Ransohoff, 1949) as well as emotional experiences of anxiety and fear (Mulak et al, 2008); stimulation of the OFC has elicited epigastric sensations (Mulak et al, 2008) and emotionallyvalenced smells and tastes (Fox et al, 2018); and INS stimulation has evoked anxiety and fear (Feindel & Penfield, 1954;Mullan & Penfield, 1959), pleasant affective experiences (Ostrowsky et al, 2000), cardiovascular changes (Oppenheimer, Gelb, Girvin, & Hachinski, 1992), nausea (Feindel & Penfield, 1954), and sensations involving olfaction and gustation (Ostrowsky et al, 2000).…”