“…This allows for detection of the neural mechanisms underlying the intervention through real-time monitoring during the intervention. This method is particularly suitable with NIRS and has been used in various forms of psychotherapy (Tables 1, 2), such as during mindfulness meditation (Gundel et al, 2018;Rosenbaum et al, 2020a), interpersonal brain synchronization between the counselor and client (Zhang et al, 2018(Zhang et al, , 2020, attention training with metacognitive therapy (Rosenbaum et al, 2018), exposure to stimuli for specific phobia (Landowska et al, 2018;Rosenbaum et al, 2020b), role lettering in writing therapy (Okamoto et al, 2010), and trauma-related recall with eye movement desensitization (Ohtani et al, 2009;Amano and Toichi, 2016). Nevertheless, this method restricts body movement during the intervention, which could disrupt performance, depending on the type of psychotherapy.…”