Changes in the command and control potential of European cities in 2006-2016

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze changes in the command and control functions of cities in 2006 and 2016 based on the method of gravity centers. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy as well as for the European economy as a whole. The shift in the center of gravity of the studied command and control functions of cities in the direction of Central Eastern Europe is examined in the paper. The fairly recent development of CEE and European integration increasing to the east and south has triggered the relocation of many companies from west to east and has also increased the importance of local companies. It may therefore be argued that the importance of the command and control functions of cities in developing countries has also increased (Poland, Russia). There is also a related decline in the importance of the so-called blue banana region and cities in Great Britain and Germany. This is especially visible in terms of the number of corporate headquarters in the western part of the continent. However, the shift in capital is not that clear – and both German and British corporations still remain the leaders in Europe.

Influence of Energy Sector Corporations on the Corporate Control Functions of Cities

“…Hence, research on the command and control functions of cities needs to consider the impact of the 2000 largest firms listed by the Forbes company (Taylor and Csomós, 2012). Command and control functions of cities are examined mostly in terms of the geographic location of their headquarters and other facilities as well as sector differences on a world scale (Raźniak et al, 2020b) continental scale (Dorocki et al, 2019;Raźniak et al, 2018;Raźniak et al, 2020a), and subcontinental scale (Zdanowska, 2017;Raźniak et al, 2020b), but not in the context of energy sector companies that generate a city's command and control function. Forbes Global, 2000 were used to examine the financial results of the largest firms in the world in the years 2006-2018.…”

Transformation Directions of Brownfields: The Case of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis

“…This phenomenon is often referred to as "borrowed size" [89]. The features characteristic of a network city are also noticeable in the area under analysis, particularly as regards commuting [92] and various kinds of global connections [93] and economic position [94], in spite of what some researchers call "path dependence" [95]. Moreover, in a polycentric urban region, each city follows its own path of development.…”

Dynamic Villages in the Hinterland of a Polycentric Region: Case Study of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in Poland

“…Another reason may be the growing importance of GZM on the international arena. According to data from 2020, business service centres in core cities concentrated 25.8 thousand jobs in 110 international IT and BPO entities [69][70][71][72]. These companies indirectly stimulate other economic sectors in the hinterland of the GZM.…”