Changes in the distribution of the genetic variance  of a quantitative trait in small populations  of Drosophila melanogaster

López-Fanjul, C.; Guerra, J.; García, A.

doi:10.1051/gse:19890205

Cited by 9 publications

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“…This loss of additive genetic variation decreases heritability (i.e., the proportion of phenotypic variation (V P ) that is heritable, h 2 ϭ V A /V P ). Decreases in heritability can then be directly related to decreases in adaptive potential by the standard breeder's equation, R ϭ h 2 S. These expectations have been validated in several experimental studies, which have measured either heritability (Whitlock and Fowler 1999;Saccheri et al 2001) or the response to artificial selection (James 1971;Frankham 1980;Franklin 1980;Lopez-Fanjul et al 1989;Wade et al 1996) immediately following bottleneck events.If the loss of genetic variation occurs gradually over an extended number of generations (e.g., O'Brien 1994;Taylor et al 1994), rather than during a rapid bottleneck event, then this basic drift model must be extended to incorporate the polygenic mutation rate (V M ). Under the drift-mutation (DM) model, the expected change in additive genetic variance is V M Ϫ V A /2N e each generation (Clayton and Robertson 1955), which eventually leads to a nonzero heritability of 2N e V M /…”

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“…resulting from genetic drift alone (e.g., James 1971; Frankham 1980;Franklin 1980;Lopez-Fanjul et al 1989;Wade et al 1996;Frankham et al 1999;Whitlock and Fowler 1999;Saccheri et al 2001), whereas long-term changes depending upon the interaction between drift and polygenic mutation have been less studied empirically.…”

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“…To our knowledge, this model of adaptive potential has not been tested or applied in previous experimental studies. Most studies have focused on short-term changes in adaptive potential 3 Corresponding author.resulting from genetic drift alone (e.g., James 1971; Frankham 1980;Franklin 1980;Lopez-Fanjul et al 1989;Wade et al 1996;Frankham et al 1999;Whitlock and Fowler 1999;Saccheri et al 2001), whereas long-term changes depending upon the interaction between drift and polygenic mutation have been less studied empirically.During brief bottlenecks, changes in adaptive genetic variation are predominantly the result of genetic drift. In such cases, a model of adaptive potential based upon genetic drift alone can be applied, since the effects of mutation and selection will be negligible in the short term.…”

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Modeling the Adaptive Potential of Isolated Populations: Experimental Simulations Using Drosophila

Bouzat¹

2005

Evolution

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Abstract. The genetic variability underlying many morphological and stress resistance traits may largely depend on the effects of genetic drift balanced by polygenic mutation. This model of adaptive potential has played a central role in the minimum viable population size concept and has been used to predict the effective population size necessary to prevent extinction within changing environments. However, there have been few long-term experimental studies of adaptive potential within isolated populations, and no study has thus far provided an experimental test of the driftmutation model of quantitative genetic variation. Using the sternopleural bristle number of Drosophila melanogaster as a model quantitative trait, we performed repeated measurements of adaptive potential on 15 replicate populations of two and 10 male-female pairs over 30 and 77 generations, respectively. Declines in adaptive potential were analyzed by comparing observed and expected changes in realized heritability over time. The only significant model deviation occurred immediately after bottlenecks of two pairs, in which greater than expected declines in realized heritability were observed. This result suggests that changes in allelic diversity during bottleneck events may be as important as changes in heterozygosity in determining adaptive potential. Drift-mutation model expectations were otherwise realized over all generations. Our results validate the use of the drift-mutation model as a tool for understanding the dynamics of adaptive potential for peripheral fitness characters, but suggest caution in applying this model to recently bottlenecked populations.Key words. Drift, genetic variation, heritability, heterozygosity, inbreeding, selection. The potential for populations to undergo short-term adaptive change depends upon the extent of genetic variability present among individuals (Fisher 1930). Processes affecting genetic variability within populations are therefore of special interest to the study of evolution and the preservation of endangered species (Lynch 1996;Hill 2000;Frankham et al. 2002). In isolated populations of small size, the amount of variation lost by genetic drift is much greater than that regenerated by polygenic mutation. As a consequence, small populations may lack the genetic variation required to respond adaptively to environmental selection pressures, which may elevate the extinction risk of such populations (Geber and Dawson 1993;Hoffman and Blows 1993;Lynch and Lande 1993;Burger and Lynch 1995). The development of theoretical models has thus been pursued with the aim of predicting changes in genetic variability and adaptive potential within small populations (Clayton and Robertson 1955;Lande 1976;Lynch and Hill 1986). These approaches have been useful for estimating the effective population size necessary to maintain high levels of adaptive potential (i.e., additive genetic variation; Franklin 1980; Lande and Barrowclough 1987;Franklin and Frankham 1998). To maintain adaptive potential within a population, th...

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Modeling the Adaptive Potential of Isolated Populations: Experimental Simulations Using Drosophila

Bouzat¹

2005

Evolution

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“…The process of extraction of an equilibrium population will form an inbreeding population. One consequence of inbreeding is changes in the distribution of genetic variance (Lopez-Fanjul et al, 1989;Fernandez et al, 1995;Fowler and Whitlock, 1999;Whitlock and Fowler, 1999). Under the assumption of segregation generation starting from selfing heterozygous individuals in the base population can form the structure of the F 2 genotypes (Falconer and Mackay, 1996;Kearsey and Pooni, 1996).…”

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Selfing Population Derived from an Equilibrium One I. Theory

Liana¹,

Nasrullah²,

Mangoendij³

et al. 2015

Asian J. of Plant Sciences

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A B S T R A C T Evaluation of inbred lines to develop hybrid is a key in a hybrid program. Inbred lines are extracted from the base population. During the process, extraction of inbred lines requires time and it is therefore interesting that during the extraction process, useful information appears for breeders, whether it is valuable or not. In response to the described useful information that appears for breeders, we formulate the concepts to estimate the value of the base population by genetic parameters. Using a single multi-allelic locus model, in addition to mean and variance, an inbreeding population derived by selfing an equilibrium one has other parameters similar to those of an F 2 from a line cross useful for a hybrid program. The theory and estimation procedure are discussed.

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Associations between environmental stress, selection history, and quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster

Bouzat

2006

Genetica

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Stressful environments may increase quantitative genetic variation in populations by promoting the expression of genetic variation that has not previously been eliminated or canalized by natural selection. This "selection history" hypothesis predicts that novel stressors will increase quantitative genetic variation, and that the magnitude of this effect will decrease following continued stress exposure. We tested these predictions using Drosophila melanogaster and sternopleural bristle number as a model system. In particular, we examined the effect of high temperature stress (31 degrees Celsius) on quantitative genetic variation before and after our study population had been reared at 31 degrees Celsius for 15 generations. High temperature stress was found to increase both additive genetic variance and heritability, but contrary to the selection history hypothesis prediction, the magnitude of this effect significantly increased after the study population had been reared for 15 generations under high temperature stress. These results demonstrate that high temperature stress increases quantitative genetic variation for bristle number, but do not support the selection history hypothesis as an explanation for this effect.

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Changes in the distribution of the genetic variance of a quantitative trait in small populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Modeling the Adaptive Potential of Isolated Populations: Experimental Simulations Using Drosophila

Modeling the Adaptive Potential of Isolated Populations: Experimental Simulations Using Drosophila

Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Selfing Population Derived from an Equilibrium One I. Theory

Associations between environmental stress, selection history, and quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster

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