Changes in the interfacial shear resistance of disc annulus fibrosus from genipin crosslinking

Kirking, Bryan; Hedman, Thomas P.; Criscione, John C.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.019

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The ILM's mechanical role in the AF is less known. Some of the experiments that have been used that indirectly assessed the ILM are radial tensile tests of intact tissue and with enzymatic digestion or cross‐linking, shear testing, NP pressurization of the intact disc, and peel testing . One recent study, however, has directly assessed ILM mechanical properties .…”

Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies indicated that only significant changes of elastic fiber quantity (positive or negative) would have associated mechanical consequences; however, there is an absence of evidence that reports the mechanics of the ILM as a function of elastic fiber content, or their physicochemical and mechanical properties . The impact of elastic fiber organization on maintaining AF mechanical properties has been demonstrated by measuring the mechanical properties of elastic fibers in isolation, using targeted enzymatic treatment, cell–elastic fiber arrangements, or fiber cross‐linking …”

Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ILM cross‐linking by genipin effectively increased inter‐lamellar de‐bonding resistance, as well as force to yield (59%) and peak force (70%) during shear loading. It is possible that there would be a dependency between adjacent lamellae fibrous network and inter‐lamellar shear properties …”

Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[48][49][50] The impact of elastic fiber organization 41,51,52 on maintaining AF mechanical properties has been demonstrated by measuring the mechanical properties of elastic fibers in isolation, 2,53-55 using targeted enzymatic treatment, 41,45,47 cell-elastic fiber arrangements, 1,4,39 or fiber cross-linking. 46 The radial mechanical integrity of the AF may be provided by the ILM's elastic fibers. The widespread fibrilin co-distribution with elastin fibers might reflect their relatively important reinforcement role in the ILM's mechanical function.…”

Section: Inter-lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that there would be a dependency between adjacent lamellae fibrous network and inter-lamellar shear properties. 46 Some studies use mechanical deformation or loading to investigate ILM structure and connectivity with adjacent lamellae. 5,6,17 Although these studies do not directly quantify ILM mechanics, they provide important inferences about ILM function.…”

Section: Inter-lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Structure and mechanical function of the inter‐lamellar matrix of the annulus fibrosus in the disc

Tavakoli

Elliott

Costi

2016

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The inter-lamellar matrix (ILM) has an average thickness of less than 30 mm and lies between adjacent lamellae in the annulus fibrosus (AF). The microstructure and composition of the ILM have been studied in various anatomic regions of the disc; however, their contribution to AF mechanical properties and structural integrity is unknown. It was suggested that the ILM components, mainly elastic fibers and cross-bridges, play a role in providing mechanical integrity of the AF. Therefore, the manner in which they respond to different loadings and stabilize adjacent lamellae structure will influence AF tear formation and subsequent herniation. This review paper summarizes the composition, microstructure, and potential role of the ILM in the progression of disc herniation, clarifies the micromechanical properties of the ILM, and proposes critical areas for future studies. There are a number of unknown characteristics of the ILM, such as its mechanical role, impact on AF integrity, and ultrastructure of elastic fibers at the ILM-lamella boundary. Determining these characteristics will provide important information for tissue engineering, repair strategies, and the development of more-physiological computational models to study the initiation and propagation of AF tears that lead to herniation and degeneration. Keywords: inter-lamellar matrix; cross-bridges; annulus fibrosus; elastic fibersThe inter-lamellar matrix (ILM) lies between the lamellae of the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc and has a thickness of less than 30 mm. The ILM is comprised of four main components: Matrix, cross-bridges, elastic fibers, and cells; however, those components are not restricted to the ILM alone (i.e., cross-bridges are present in the ILM space and cross radially through multiple AF layers). 1-5 ILM failure results in delamination (separation of lamellae) and may be one of the initial stages of herniation and degeneration. 6-8 Knowledge of the ILM structure and mechanical function is important to determining the loading conditions under which the AF is at risk of delamination and subsequent disc disruption and herniation. This understanding of the ILM may lead to the development of improved clinical strategies for disc treatment of herniation and painful degenerative disc disorders.AF delamination and tears, and the associated disc degeneration, are directly related to the structural integrity of the ILM. 9-12 Migration of the NP propagates-under certain circumstances-circumferentially, increasing ILM localized stress and risk of delamination in deep (i.e., inner) AF layers. 8 ILM failure and associated delamination alters ovine spine segment mechanics and causes increased lamellar thickness and vertebral bone volume fraction. 7 On the other hand, delamination may also lead to increased tensile loading within the collagenous AF lamellae components. Therefore, the role of the ILM on the AF microstructural integrity 13 and strength is evident, as mechanical properties of multi-lamellae are different from single ...

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Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inter‐lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inter-lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inter-lamellar Matrix Micromechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Structure and mechanical function of the inter‐lamellar matrix of the annulus fibrosus in the disc

Tavakoli

Elliott

Costi

2016

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Derivation of inter-lamellar behaviour of the intervertebral disc annulus

Mengoni

Luxmoore

Wijayathunga

et al. 2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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The inter-lamellar connectivity of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc has been shown to affect the prediction of the overall disc behaviour in computational models. Using a combined experimental and computational approach, the inter-lamellar mechanical behaviour of the disc annulus was investigated under conditions of radial loading.Twenty-seven specimens of anterior annulus fibrosus were dissected from 12 discs taken from four frozen ovine thoracolumbar spines. Specimens were grouped depending on their radial provenance within the annulus fibrosus. Standard tensile tests were performed. In addition, micro-tensile tests under microscopy were used to observe the displacement of the lamellae and inter-lamellar connections. Finite elements models matching the experimental protocols were developed with specimen-specific geometries and boundary conditions assuming a known lamellar behaviour. An optimisation process was used to derive the interface stiffness values for each group. The assumption of a linear cohesive interface was used to model the behaviour of the inter-lamellar connectivity.The interface stiffness values derived from the optimisation process were consistently higher than the corresponding lamellar values. The interface stiffness values of the outer annulus were from 43% to 75% higher than those of the inner annulus. Tangential stiffness values for the interface were from 6% to 39% higher than normal stiffness values within each group and similar to values reported by other investigators. These results reflect the intricate fibrous nature of the inter-lamellar connectivity and provide values for the representation of the inter-lamellar behaviour at a continuum level.

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Multi-laminate annulus fibrosus repair scaffold with an interlamellar matrix enhances impact resistance, prevents herniation and assists in restoring spinal kinematics

Borem

Madeline

Vela

et al. 2019

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Focal defects in the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) arising from herniation have detrimental impacts on the IVD's mechanical function. Thus, biomimetic-based repair strategies must restore the mechanical integrity of the AF to help support and restore native spinal loading and motion. Accordingly, an annulus fibrosus repair patch (AFRP); a collagen-based multi-laminate scaffold with an angle-ply architecture has been previously developed, which demonstrates similar mechanical properties to native outer AF (oAF). To further enhance the mimetic nature of the AFRP, interlamellar (ILM) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was incorporated into the scaffolds. The ability of the scaffolds to withstand simulated impact loading and resist herniation of native IVD tissue while contributing to the restoration of spinal kinematics were assessed separately. The results demonstrate that incorporation of a GAG-based ILM significantly increased (p<0.001) the impact strength of the AFRP (2.57 ± 0.04 MPa) compared to scaffolds without (1.51 ± 0.13 MPa). Additionally, repair of injured functional spinal units (FSUs) with an AFRP in combination with sequestering native NP tissue and a full-thickness AF tissue plug enabled the restoration of creep displacement (p=0.134), short-term viscous damping coefficient (p=0.538), the long-term viscous (p=0.058) and elastic (p=0.751) damping coefficients, axial neutral zone (p=0.908), and axial range of motion (p=0.476) to an intact state. Lastly, the AFRP scaffolds were able to prevent native IVD tissue herniation upon application of supraphysiologic loads (5.28 ± 1.24 MPa). Together, these results suggest that the AFRP has the strength to sequester native NP and AF tissue and/or implants, and thus, can be used in a composite repair strategy for IVDs with focal annular defects thereby assisting in the restoration of spinal kinematics.

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Changes in the interfacial shear resistance of disc annulus fibrosus from genipin crosslinking

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Structure and mechanical function of the inter‐lamellar matrix of the annulus fibrosus in the disc

Structure and mechanical function of the inter‐lamellar matrix of the annulus fibrosus in the disc

Derivation of inter-lamellar behaviour of the intervertebral disc annulus

Multi-laminate annulus fibrosus repair scaffold with an interlamellar matrix enhances impact resistance, prevents herniation and assists in restoring spinal kinematics

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