Changes in the levels of neural cell specific proteins in the developing rat brain

Matsutani, Tenhoshimaru; Nagayoshi, Michiko; Tamaru, Masao; Hirata, Yukari; Kato, Kanefusa

doi:10.1007/bf00965889

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…4B-E), which is comparable to the S100 concentration in rat brain (Matsutani et al 1985;Kato et al 1990). …”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Astrocytes of the adult brain seem to contain enough S100 to allow for oligomer formation. In cerebral hemispheres of rat, soluble S100 amounts to 25.8 gg/g wet weight (Matsutani et al 1985). If 90% of this S100 is localized in astrocytes which provide 9% of the neuropil volume (Rickmann et al 1990), the concentration of S100 can be estimated to about 250 ~g/ml or 12 gM S 100 dimer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the mammalian brain, the Ca 2 § and Zn2+-binding S 100 proteins (S 100) occur at high concentrations (1-1.5 M. Rickmann (~) 9 J.R. Wolff Zentrum Anatomie, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 G6ttingen, Germany gg/mg of soluble protein; Matsutani et al 1985). Applying immunohistochemical methods to tissues fixed with aldehydes, the bulk of S100 has been localized in cell bodies, processes and lamellae of astrocytes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modifications of S100-protein immunoreactivity in rat brain induced by tissue preparation

Rickmann¹,

Wolff²

1995

Histochem Cell Biol

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Immunocytochemistry using antibodies against various molecular forms of the Ca++ and Zn(++)-binding S100 proteins predominantly labelled astrocytes. However, especially in the neocortex the staining pattern is variable. Methods of tissue preparation have been evaluated with the aim to preserve as much S100 immunoreactivity as possible. Optimal results were obtained after perfusion fixation with 4-5% aldehydes, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, 0.1% CaCl2, pH 7.3. In such preparations, astrocytes were completely labelled including their lamellar compartments in large parts of the central nervous system. Ca(++)-withdrawal had adverse affects on S100 immunoreactivity. Cryostat sections treated with EDTA-containing solutions before fixation showed that Ca(++)-free S100 can apparently not be fixed to the tissue. Perfusion fixatives containing EDTA resulted in inhomogeneous loss of S100 staining, indicating a differential susceptibility of astrocytic subpopulations. A different type of reduction in S100 immunoreactivity occurred around large neocortical blood vessels. Perivascular defects in immunostaining occasionally appeared even after optimal fixation, but could be regularly provoked by mildly acidic fixation (pH 6.6) or prolonged barbiturate anaesthesia. These defects might be based on S100 release into the cerebrospinal fluid. Presumably under none of the conditions studied can the immunoreactivity of all S100-forms and -fractions be completely preserved in the tissue. However, recommendations are presented for optimizing tissue preparation, to the extent that premortal modifications affecting the stainability of astrocytes may be detected by S100 immunohistochemistry in fixed brain tissue.

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“…4B-E), which is comparable to the S100 concentration in rat brain (Matsutani et al 1985;Kato et al 1990). …”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modifications of S100-protein immunoreactivity in rat brain induced by tissue preparation

Rickmann¹,

Wolff²

1995

Histochem Cell Biol

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“…S100B is most abundant in glial cells of the central nervous system, predominately in astrocytes (Donato, 1986), and constitutes 1-1.5 g/mg of soluble protein (Matsutani et al, 1985). S100 proteins contain no detectable carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid or phosphate, and are dimers consisting of two types of subunits of either identical or different amino acid composition (Fig.…”

Section: General Features Of the S100b Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Analysis of the Role of the Neurotrophic Protein S100B in Acute Brain Injury

Kleindienst

Bullock

2006

Journal of Neurotrauma

147

110

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We provide a critical analysis of the relevance of S100B in acute brain injury emphazising the beneficial effect of its biological properties. S100B is a calcium-binding protein, primarily produced by glial cells, and exerts auto- and paracrine functions. Numerous reports indicate, that S100B is released after brain insults and serum levels are positively correlated with the degree of injury and negatively correlated with outcome. However, new data suggest that the currently held view, that serum measurement of S100B is a valid "biomarker" of brain damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI), does not acknowlege the multifaceted release pattern and effect of the blood-brain barrier disruption upon S100B levels in serum. In fact, serum and brain S100B levels are poorly correlated, with serum levels dependent primarily on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and not the level of S100B in the brain. The time profile of S100B release following experimental TBI, both in vitro and in vivo, suggests a role of S100B in delayed reparative processes. Further, recent findings provide evidence, that S100B may decrease neuronal injury and/or contribute to repair following TBI. Hence, S100B, far from being a negative determinant of outcome, as suggested previously in the human TBI and ischemia literature, is of potential therapeutic value that could improve outcome in patients who sustain various forms of acute brain damage.

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“…S100B is most abundant in glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), predominately astrocytes (Donato, 1986), and constitutes 1-1.5 mg/mg of soluble protein (Matsutani et al, 1985). Intra-cellularily, S100B is involved in signal transduction via the inhibition of protein phoshorylation, regulation of enzyme activity and of calcium homeostasis Wilder et al, 1998;Zimmer et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Intraventricular Infusion of the Neurotrophic Protein S100B Improves Cognitive Recovery after Fluid Percussion Injury in the Rat

Kleindienst

Harvey

Rice

et al. 2004

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Elevated serum S100B levels have been shown to be a predictor of poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Experimental data, on the other hand, demonstrate a neuroprotective and neurotrophic effect of this calcium-binding protein. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of increased S100B levels on functional outcome after TBI. Following lateral fluid percussion or sham injury in male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 56), we infused S100B (50 ng/h) or vehicle into the cerebrospinal fluid of the ipsilateral ventricle for 7 days using an osmotic mini-pump. Assessment of cognitive performance by the Morris water maze on days 30-34 after injury revealed an improved performance of injured animals after S100B infusion (p < 0.05), when compared to vehicle infusion. Blood samples for analysis of clinical markers of brain damage, S100B and neuron specific enolase, taken at 30 min, 3 h, 4 h, 2 days, or 5 days showed a typical peak 3 h after injury (p < 0.01), and higher serum levels correlated significantly with an impaired cognitive recovery (p < 0.01). The correlation of higher serum S100B levels with poor water maze performance may result from injury induced opening of the blood-brain barrier, allowing the passage of S100B into serum. Thus while higher serum levels of S100B seem to reflect the degree of blood-brain barrier opening and severity of injury, a beneficial effect of intraventricular S100B administration on long-term functional recovery after TBI has been demonstrated for the first time. The exact mechanism by which S100B exerts its neuroprotective or neurotrophic influence remains unknown and needs to be elucidated by further investigation.

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Changes in the levels of neural cell specific proteins in the developing rat brain

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Modifications of S100-protein immunoreactivity in rat brain induced by tissue preparation

Modifications of S100-protein immunoreactivity in rat brain induced by tissue preparation

A Critical Analysis of the Role of the Neurotrophic Protein S100B in Acute Brain Injury

Intraventricular Infusion of the Neurotrophic Protein S100B Improves Cognitive Recovery after Fluid Percussion Injury in the Rat

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