Changes in the maternal essential fatty acid profile during early pregnancy and the relation of the profile to diet

Otto, Suzie J.; Houwelingen, A.C. van; Badart‐Smook, Anita; Hornstra, Gerard

doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.302

Cited by 101 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Conversely, higher absolute LA intake levels were found in another Belgian and a Dutch study with a smaller sample size (30,31) (Table 7). Another pattern was found for LNA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Sioen

Pynaert

Matthys

et al. 2006

Lipids

102

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ABSTRACT:The intake of fat, saturated and monounsaturated FA (SFA and MUFA), and omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA has been estimated in 641 Belgian women (age 18-39 y). Their food intake was recorded using a 2-d food diary. The PUFA included were linoleic (LA), alpha-linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The mean total fat intake corresponded to 34.3% of total energy intake (E). The mean intake of the FA groups corresponded to 13.7%, 13.1%, and 6.0% of E, for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively. The mean intake of LA was 5.3% of E and of LNA was 0.6% of E, with a mean LA/LNA ratio of 8.7. The mean intake of AA was 0.03% of E. The mean intake of EPA, DPA, and DHA was 0.04%, 0.01%, and 0.06% of E, respectively. According to the Belgian recommendations, the total fat and SFA intake was too high for about three-quarters of the population. The mean LA and overall n-6 PUFA intake corresponded with the recommendation, with part of the population exceeding the upper level. Conversely, the population showed a large deficit for LNA and n-3 PUFA. The major food source for LA and LNA was fats and oils, followed by cereal products. The main sources of long-chain PUFA were fish and seafood, and meat, poultry, and eggs. From a public health perspective, it seems desirable to tackle the problem of low n-3 PUFA intake.Paper no. L9945 in Lipids 41, 415-422 (May 2006).Advances in the knowledge concerning physiological functions of dietary PUFA, in particular omega-3 PUFA, have led to an increased interest in the food sources and the level of dietary intake of these nutrients. Alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3n-3) is a plant-derived omega-3 FA. Together with linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6), LNA is one of the two essential FA in the human diet; LA and LNA cannot be synthesised by the human metabolism. LNA can be desaturated and elongated in the human body to its longer-chain relatives, long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA), but the efficiency of this conversion is reduced by high intake levels of LA, which competes more effectively than LNA for desaturation and elongation enzymes because LA is abundantly present in Western diets (1). There is evidence to suggest that the conversion rate of dietary LNA to LC n-3 PUFA is insufficient to achieve adequate levels, even when the LNA intake is increased (2,3). Nevertheless, a British study suggested that women may possess a greater capacity for LNA conversion than men (4,5). LC n-3 PUFA are not synthesised by plants, but they are present in animals and in the marine food chain, EPA (C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3), and DHA (C22:6n-3) being the most abundant in the human diet. It is via planktivorous fishes that LC n-3 PUFA enter the marine food chain and accumulate in seafood (2). Therefore, seafood products are excellent food sources of LC n-3 PUFA. For more than 30 years, a lot of fundamental clinical and epidemiological research work has been done with regard to the relationship between n-3 FA and health, showin...

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“…Conversely, higher absolute LA intake levels were found in another Belgian and a Dutch study with a smaller sample size (30,31) (Table 7). Another pattern was found for LNA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Sioen

Pynaert

Matthys

et al. 2006

Lipids

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…An endogenous biosynthetic pathway induced by estrogens may be clinically important, since DHA may lower the risk of fatal ischemic heart disease and sudden death (Kromhout et al 1985, Burr et al 1989, Siscovick et al 1995, Albert et al 1998, Gruppo-Italiano-per-lo-Studio-dellaSopravvivenza-nell'Infarto-miocardico 1999, Oomen et al 2000. Furthermore, DHA is found in high amounts in the central nervous system of the fetus (including the retina), and a non-fish eating mother may depend on the endogenous synthesis of DHA from precursors (Postle et al 1995, Innis 2000, Otto et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy increase arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in postmenopausal women

Giltay¹,

Duschek²,

Katan³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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Estrogens may affect the essential n-6 and n-3 fatty acids arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3). Therefore, we investigated the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In study I, 95 healthy, non-hysterectomized, early postmenopausal women (age range 47-59 years) received one of the following treatments: daily raloxifene 60 mg (n=24), daily raloxifene 150 mg (n=23), 0·625 mg conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) plus 2·5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; n=24), or placebo (n=24). In study II, 30 men (age range 60-69 years) received daily 120 mg raloxifene (n=15) or placebo (n=15). In study I, plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids were measured at baseline and after 6, 12, and 24 months in 83 (drop out rate 13%), 73 (23%), and 70 (25%) women respectively. In study II, fatty acids were measured at baseline and after 3 months in 29 men (drop out rate 3%). In postmenopausal women, administration of 150 mg raloxifene increased AA by a mean of +6·1% (P=0·055, not significant). Administration of CEE plus MPA increased AA by +14·1% (P<0·0005). Mean changes in DHA were +22·1% (P=0·003) and +14·9% (P=0·047) respectively, as compared with placebo. In men, 120 mg raloxifene for 3 months did not significantly affect AA (-5·2%; P=0·342) or DHA (+4·0%; P=0·755), but it increased testosterone levels by +19·8% (P=0·006). Administration of raloxifene 150 mg/day as well as CEE plus MPA to postmenopausal women increases the proportion of AA and DHA in plasma cholesteryl esters during a follow-up of 2 years. Short term administration of raloxifene in elderly men did not affect AA or DHA. The synthesis of AA and DHA from precursors may be enhanced through an estrogen receptor-dependent pathway.

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“…A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary fatty acid intake as described before Otto et al, 2000a). Dietary intake was determined twice during study 1.…”

Section: Dietary Intake Of Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ®rst FFQ was sent before pregnancy and the second one at the end of the study period. Because there were no major differences in dietary intake between these two measurements (Otto et al, 2000a), the average intake was calculated and used. During study 2, the dietary intake of fatty acids determined 4 weeks after delivery was used.…”

Section: Dietary Intake Of Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Independent of dietary intake, the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid increases during the ®rst 16 ± 22 weeks of pregnancy and subsequently decreases until delivery (Al et al, 1995;Otto et al, 2000a). During the postpartum period, the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid decreases further and this decline is even more pronounced in lactating women (Otto et al, 2000b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Leptin and phospholipid-esterified docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in plasma of women: observations during pregnancy and lactation

Rump

Otto

Hornstra³

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background: The n-3 fatty acid status changes during pregnancy and lactation. Plasma leptin concentrations and gene expression have been related to n-3 fatty acids. Objective: To investigate the relation between plasma leptin concentration and the docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) content of plasma phospholipids during early pregnancy and the postpartum period. Design: Leptin (radioimmunoassay) and the phospholipid fatty acid pro®le (capillary gas-liquid chromatography) were measured in plasma of women during two independent longitudinal observational studies. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids was also determined. Results: Within the ®rst 10 weeks after the last menstrual period, an almost parallel increase in leptin concentration and the 22:6n-3 content (mgal and % wtawt) of plasma phospholipids was seen (study 1, n 21). During the postpartum period (study 2, n 57), leptin levels decreased quickly, preceding the changes in 22:6n-3 concentrations. During both studies, leptin concentrations did not consistently relate to dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids or to 22:6n-3 concentrations in plasma phospholipids. Before and during early pregnancy (study 1), signi®cant positive associations between leptin levels and the total amount of phospholipid-associated fatty acids were found. No such association was seen during late pregnancy or the postpartum period (study 2). The postpartum decrease in leptin levels did not differ between lactating and non-lactating women. Conclusions: Not the 22:6n-3 content, but the total amount of phospholipid-associated fatty acids was related to plasma leptin concentration, before and during early pregnancy but not during late pregnancy and the postpartum period. Sponsorship: Dutch Organization for Scienti®c Research (NWO, grant no. 904 62 186).

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Changes in the maternal essential fatty acid profile during early pregnancy and the relation of the profile to diet

Cited by 101 publications

References 23 publications

Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy increase arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in postmenopausal women

Leptin and phospholipid-esterified docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in plasma of women: observations during pregnancy and lactation

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