Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults after the COVID-19 outbreak

Kwon, Ji young; Song, Sang‐Wook

doi:10.4178/epih.e2022101

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…They were individuals who visited the hospital regularly for health checkups even during the pandemic; thus, compared with the general population, they were likely to be more concerned about their health, live a relatively healthy lifestyle, and have a higher socioeconomic status. Previous studies have shown a greater increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in these high socioeconomic status populations than in the general population [ 32 , 33 ], which is consistent with our study’s findings. Further studies with data on general populations considering various confounders that can affect the prevalence of metabolic syndrome are warranted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study

Jeong,

Park,

Hwang

et al. 2023

Epidemiol Health

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OBJECTIVES: Studies evaluating weight changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have yielded inconsistent results, and most of those studies were based on self-reported anthropometric measures. We investigated changes in body mass index (BMI), professionally measured waist circumference (WC), and metabolic syndrome components from before to during the pandemic in a sample of the adult population in Korea.METHODS: This retrospective study included 1,118 male and female (age≥18 years) who underwent health checkups at a university medical center between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2022. Changes in BMI, lifestyles, and metabolic syndrome components during the pandemic were analyzed using the paired t-test, McNemar test, generalized estimating equations, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.RESULTS: Changes in body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage during the pandemic were not clinically significant. However, statistically significant results were found for decreased physical activity (p<0.001) and WC (p<0.001), and exacerbation of all metabolic syndrome components (except serum triglyceride levels). Moreover, the metabolic syndrome prevalence increased significantly from 20.2% to 31.2% during the pandemic (p<0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity and high fasting blood glucose levels also significantly increased from 2019 to 2021.CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome, its components, and fat distribution worsened significantly after the implementation of social distancing and lockdowns, despite no clinically significant changes in body weight and BMI. Further studies on the post- pandemic period should investigate the long-term impact of social lockdowns on BMI and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study

Jeong,

Park,

Hwang

et al. 2023

Epidemiol Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Change Before and After the COVID-19 Epidemic: Using Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018-2021

Kim,

Park

et al. 2024

J Health Info Stat

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Objectives: In this study, we aim to investigate changes in the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using data from the 2018-2021 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and 21,159 people were selected for analysis. SPSS version 29.0 program was used to analyze data, and frequency analysis and chi-square test were performed to determine the frequency and ratio of demographic and health behavioral factors before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, and the distribution of metabolic syndrome prevalence. The risk of occurrence by metabolic syndrome prevalence factor was analyzed through logistic regression. Results: As a result of the study, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased after the COVID-19 epidemic, and among the five diagnostic criteria, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol, excluding blood pressure, increased significantly. In addition, the risk of metabolic syndrome was 1.16 times higher after the COVID-19 epidemic compared to before, and even after controlling for variables such as demographic factors, it was significantly higher at 1.14 times compared to before. Conclusions: Through this study, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased during the COVID-19 epidemic due to changes in lifestyle habits, such as decreased activity. If times like the COVID-19 epidemic repeat in the future, we recommend adding and promoting measures that can help manage chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome when creating national action guidelines to prevent infectious diseases.

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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Type 2 Diabetes in South Korea (1998 to 2022): Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

Jang,

Kim,

Son

et al. 2024

Preprint

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BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes poses an increasing disease burden in South Korea. The development and management of type 2 diabetes are closely related to lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, which have undergone substantial changes over the past few decades, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate long-term trends in type 2 diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. It also aimed to determine whether there were substantial alterations in the trends during the pandemic and whether these changes were more pronounced within specific demographic groups. METHODS This study examined the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of type 2 diabetes in a representative sample of 139,786 South Koreans aged >30 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and covering the period from 1998 to 2022. Weighted linear regression and binary logistic regression were performed to calculate weighted β coefficients or odds ratios. Stratified analyses were performed based on sex, age, region of residence, obesity status, educational background, household income, and smoking status. β (difference) was calculated to analyze the trend difference between the prepandemic period and the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify groups more susceptible to type 2 diabetes, we estimated interaction terms for each factor and calculated weighted odds ratios. RESULTS From 1998 to 2022, a consistent increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was observed among South Koreans, with a notable rise to 15.61% (95% CI 14.83-16.38) during the pandemic. Awareness followed a U-shaped curve, bottoming out at 64.37% (95% CI 61.79-66.96) from 2013 to 2015 before increasing to 72.56% (95% CI 70.39-74.72) during the pandemic. Treatment also increased over time, peaking at 68.33% (95% CI 65.95-70.71) during the pandemic. Control among participants with diabetes showed no substantial change, maintaining a rate of 29.14% (95% CI 26.82-31.47) from 2020 to 2022, while control among treated participants improved to 30.68% (95% CI 27.88-33.48). During the pandemic, there was a steepening of the curves for awareness and treatment. However, while the slope of control among participants being treated increased, the slope of control among participants with diabetes showed no substantial change during the pandemic. Older populations and individuals with lower educational level exhibited less improvement in awareness and control trends than younger populations and more educated individuals. People with lower income experienced a deceleration in prevalence during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Over the recent decade, there has been an increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. During the pandemic, a steeper increase in awareness, treatment, and control among participants being treated was observed. However, there were heterogeneous changes across different population groups, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to address disparities and improve diabetes management for susceptible populations.

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Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults after the COVID-19 outbreak

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study

Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study

Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Change Before and After the COVID-19 Epidemic: Using Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018-2021

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Type 2 Diabetes in South Korea (1998 to 2022): Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

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