Changes in the representation of space and time while listening to music

Schäfer, Thomas; Fachner, Jörg; Smukalla, Mario

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00508

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Interrelations between emotional states and time judgments (Wittmann, 2009;Lambrechts et al, 2011;Schäfer et al, 2013;Wackermann et al, 2014;Droit-Volet et al, 2015), as well as between impulsivity traits, present and future orientation, and time perception (Baumann and Odum, 2012;Mueller et al, 2014;Wittmann et al, 2017), have been reported in previous studies. Higher arousal states and an impulsive present orientation lead to relative overestimations of duration.…”

Section: Waiting-room Study (Study 1)supporting

confidence: 54%

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Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence

Pfeifer

Wittmann

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Research on the perception of silence has led to insights regarding its positive effects on individuals. We conducted a series of studies during which individuals were exposed to several minutes of silence in different contexts. Participants were introduced to different social and environmental settings, either in a seminar room at a university or in a city garden, alone or in a group. Instructions across studies varied, as participants were exposed to real waiting situations, were asked to just think and to explicitly experience the time interval without further instructions or following a session of Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT)/Hypnomusictherapy (HMT). Silence was judged to significantly increase relaxation, improve mood states, and alter the perception of time and the orientation toward the present moment. We controlled for influences of trait variables, such as impulsivity, mindfulness, daydreaming, and time perspective. Findings empirically demonstrate that exposure to silence can be effective in therapeutic and educational contexts to promote relaxation and well-being.

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Section: Waiting-room Study (Study 1)supporting

confidence: 54%

“…This coincides with outcomes linked to comparable induction techniques, such as rhythm-induced trance, meditation, or listening to music. These lead to alterations in states of consciousness and mutually affect the senses of self, time, and space (Berkovich-Ohana et al, 2013;Schäfer et al, 2013;Wittmann, 2015).…”

Section: Perception Of Space and Selfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence

Pfeifer

Wittmann

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…Since sound perception has survival value for humans partly because of its capacity to activate various emotion induction "mechanisms," or "information-processing devices at different levels of the brain, which utilize distinct types of information to guide future behavior," Juslin (2013) correctly points out that "the emotions represent an extension of the perceptual process that enables us to infer not only the identity and location of an object, but also its potential consequences or 'affordances'" (p. 240, emphasis added; see also Krueger, 2014). Indeed, as Krueger (2014) recently argues in "Affordances and the Musically Extended Mind," "musical affordances -via soliciting different forms of entrainment -enhance the functionality of various endogenous, emotion-granting regulative processes, drawing novel experiences out of us with an expanded complexity and phenomenal character" (p. 1; for further fascinating discussion on musical 4 Musicae Scientiae embodiment and affordances, see Harrison & Loui, 2014;Hutka, Bidelman, & Moreno, 2013;Keebler, Wiltshire, Smith, Fiore, & Bedwell, 2014;Maes, Leman, Palmer, & Wanderley, 2014;Reybrouck, 2001Reybrouck, , 2005Reybrouck, , 2012Schäfer, Fachner, & Smukalla, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Music practice and participation for psychological well-being: A review of how music influences positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment

2014

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In "Flourish," Martin Seligman maintained that the elements of well-being consist of "PERMA: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment." Although the question of what constitutes human flourishing or psychological well-being has remained a topic of continued debate among scholars, it has recently been argued in the literature that a paradigmatic or prototypical case of human psychological well-being would largely manifest most or all of the aforementioned PERMA factors. Further, in "A Neuroscientific Perspective on Music Therapy," Stefan Koelsch also suggested that "Music therapy can have effects that improve the psychological and physiological health of individuals," so it seems plausible that engaging in practices of music can positively contribute to one living a more optimally flourishing life with greater psychological well-being. However, recent studies on music practice and participation have not yet been reviewed and integrated under the PERMA framework from positive psychology to further explore and explicate this possibility. This article therefore contributes to extant work by reviewing recent research on psychological well-being and music to offer support for the claim that music practice and participation can positively contribute to one living a flourishing life by positively influencing their emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.

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“…There are many studies that have demonstrated how music can change the way listeners experience space and time, including both experimental investigations (e.g., Bailey & Areni, 2006;Droit-Volet, Bigand, Ramos, & Bueno, 2010;Kellaris & Mantel, 1996;Lopez & Malhotra, 1991) and subjective reports collected with interviews (e.g., Fachner, 2011a;Gabrielsson, 2001Gabrielsson, , 2011Herbert, 2011Herbert, , 2013. Regarding the representation of time, music typically shortens the estimated length of temporal durations-an effect that is even more pronounced when the listener likes the music used in the study (see Schäfer, Fachner, & Smukalla, 2013, for an overview). In addition, it is known from subjective reports that musical experiences can cause feelings of timelessness or time dilation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Listening to music reduces eye movements

Schäfer¹,

Fachner²

2014

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Listening to music can change the way that people visually experience the environment, probably as a result of an inwardly directed shift of attention. We investigated whether this attentional shift can be demonstrated by reduced eye movement activity, and if so, whether that reduction depends on absorption. Participants listened to their preferred music, to unknown neutral music, or to no music while viewing a visual stimulus (a picture or a film clip). Preference and absorption were significantly higher for the preferred music than for the unknown music. Participants exhibited longer fixations, fewer saccades, and more blinks when they listened to music than when they sat in silence. However, no differences emerged between the preferred music condition and the neutral music condition. Thus, music significantly reduces eye movement activity, but an attentional shift from the outer to the inner world (i.e., to the emotions and memories evoked by the music) emerged as only one potential explanation. Other explanations, such as a shift of attention from visual to auditory input, are discussed.

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Changes in the representation of space and time while listening to music

Cited by 39 publications

References 109 publications

Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence

Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence

Music practice and participation for psychological well-being: A review of how music influences positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment

Listening to music reduces eye movements

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