Changes in the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation associated with Helicobacter pylori in humans coinfected with  intestinal helminths

Dual infective burden of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites: Good or bad news for the host?

“…These findings have been demonstrated in animal models but not in humans. However, the recent study of Fuenmayor-Boscán et al in Zulia state of Venezuela has replicated findings of animal models in humans [7]. Although, limited in sample size, they clearly showed overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ), in addition to higher IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in the H. pylori infected individuals as compared to H. pylori negative control group [7].…”

“…Although, limited in sample size, they clearly showed overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ), in addition to higher IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in the H. pylori infected individuals as compared to H. pylori negative control group [7]. On the other hand, individuals with helminth infection exhibited decrease in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increase in the degree of expression of the cytokine IL-4 and lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio [7].…”

“…Although H. pylori infects nearly half of the world population including India [3] and Malaysia [4], GC rates vary in different populations [5]. Despite the high prevalence of H. pylori, India reported low rates of GC (the Indian Enigma) similar to the Zulia population reported in study by Fuenmayor-Boscán et al [6,7]. However, the Chinese in Malaysia have the highest reported rates of H. pylori and also GC among the three ethnic groups (the cohort effect) [8].…”

“…However, the Chinese in Malaysia have the highest reported rates of H. pylori and also GC among the three ethnic groups (the cohort effect) [8]. A similarity between India and Zulia is the high burden of unicellular parasites and multicellular worms typically found in these communities [6,7]. From the above observations thus arise the following questions:…”

How peptic ulcer disease could potentially lead to the lifelong, debilitating effects of chronic fatigue syndrome: an insight

“…Based on the previous findings, we would focus on investigating if peptic ulcer disease (PUD),a prevalent bowel illness mainly due to Helicobacter pylori infection worldwide 17 . The Helicobacter pylori infection is often acquired early in life and leads to intense cytokine-mediated infiltration of the gastric epithelium by neutrophils and mononuclear cells located in the stomach or proximal duodenum 18 . The gathering and reaction of the inflammatory cells after infection with Helicobacter pylori will result in the form of peptic injury, which is termed as the commonly known peptic ulcer disease(PUD) 19 .…”