Changes in the spleen and liver of pregnant sows and full-term piglets after feeding diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone

Tiemann, Ute; Brüssow, Klaus‐Peter; Küchenmeister, U.; Jonas, Ludwig; Pöhland, Ralf; Reischauer, A.; Jäger, Kathrin; Dänicke, Sven

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.019

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, this difference did not reach the level of significance (p= 0.451) because of the high standard variation. In contrast, significantly elevated iron staining in the red pulp of spleens were found in sows fed a Fusarium-contaminated diet of 4.42 mg DON/kg and 9.6 mg DON/kg for 35 days at the second (Tiemann et al 2008a) and last third of gestation (Tiemann et al 2008b), respectively. Feeding gilts DONcontaminated diets up to 9.6 mg/kg for 35 days resulted in a higher presence of hemosiderin particles in spleen and inhibition of ConA-stimulated proliferation rate of splenocytes ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The question why the DON release by the osmotic minipump was not as expected cannot be solved from the present results. However, the solubility and stability of DON in DMSO, water, PBS, and NaCl-solution under physiological conditions was proven several times in different cell cultures (Goyarts et al 2006a, b;Tiemann et al 2006Tiemann et al , 2008b. To the authors' knowledge, only one experiment (Prelusky 1997) has been conducted with pigs (10-13 kg bw, 6 weeks) implanted intraperitoneally with an osmotic pump (Alzet Model 1007D, 0.5 µL/h) filled with an aqueous solution of DON, resulting in an intraperitoneal DON dose of 2 µg DON/h (low dose, 48 µg/day, 3.7-4.8 µg/kg bw/day) and 5 µg DON/h (high dose, 120 µg/day, 9.2-12.0 µg/kg bw/day).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some studies have described negative effects on fertility of pigs due to dietary exposure to low DON levels (Hörügel et al 2003;Jadamus and Schneider 2002), recent reports demonstrated no clinical effects in sows and their progeny after dietary exposure to 4.4 or 9.6 mg DON/kg for 35 days, but a significant placental transfer of this toxin to the fetus tissues Goyarts et al 2007a). Furthermore, sows fed 9.6 mg DON/kg between gestational days 75 and 110 showed hepatocellular effects such as iron enhancement and ultrastructural organelle changes in liver and partly in spleen (Tiemann et al 2008b), while after dietary DON exposure of 4.4 mg/kg from day 35 to 70 of gestation, sows exhibited spleen hemosiderosis and their fetuses an enhancement of liver glycogen and impairment of liver mitochondria (Tiemann et al 2008a). In view of the small number of studies on the effects of DON on pig fertility and fetus performance due to a placental transfer and their contradictory results, the present study compared a dietary DON exposure with an intraperitoneal DON infusion to exclude the effects of feed refusal and therefore poor performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

et al. 2010

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Six pregnant sows of 180.6 ± 5.6 kg were fed either a Fusarium-contaminated (4.42 mg DON and 48.3 µg ZON per kg, DON per os, n = 3) or a control diet (0.15 mg DON and 5 µg ZON/kg) in the period of days 63 and 70 of gestation. On day 63 of gestation, sows fed the control diet were implanted with an intraperitoneal osmotic minipump (delivery rate of 10 µL/h, for 7 days) containing 50 mg pure (98%) DON in 2 ml 50% DMSO (DON ip, n = 3). Frequent plasma samples were taken to estimate the kinetics after oral and ip DON exposure. The intended continuous delivery of DON by the intraperitoneal minipump could not be shown, as there was a plasma peak (Cmax) of 4.2-6.4 ng DON/mL either immediately (sow IP-2+3) or 2.5 h (sow IP-1) after implantation of the pump followed by a one-exponential decline with a mean half-time (t1/2) of 1.75-4.0 h and only negligible DON plasma concentrations after 12 h. Therefore, the DON ip exposure has to be regarded as one single dose 1 week before termination of experiment. The DON per os sows showed a mean basis level (after achieving a steady state) of DON plasma concentration of about 6-8 ng/mL, as also indicated by the plasma DON concentration at the termination of the experiment. On day 70, caesarean section was carried out, the fetuses were killed immediately after birth, and samples of plasma, urine, and bile were taken to analyze the concentration of DON and its metabolite de-epoxy-DON. At necropsy there were no macroscopic lesions observed in any organ of either sows or piglets. Histopathological evaluation of sows liver and spleen revealed no alterations. The proliferation rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with or without stimulation was not affected by the kind of DON treatment. The exposure of pregnant sows at mid-gestation (days 63-70, period of organogenesis) to a Fusarium toxin-contaminated diet (4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON per kg) or pure DON via intraperitoneal osmotic minipump did not cause adverse effects on health, fertility, maintenance of pregnancy, and performance of sows and their fetuses. However, DON was detected in fetus plasma, indicating that this toxin can pass the placental barrier and may cause changes in the proportion of white blood cells (lower monocyte and neutrophil and higher lymphocyte proportion in DON per os fetuses).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

et al. 2010

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“…ZEN is a xenoestrogen and a non-steroidal agonist for estrogen receptors which affects cell proliferation (Coffey 2001, Tiemann et al 2008. In pigs and probably in humans, ZEN is quickly absorbed after oral administration and it is metabolized by intestinal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine concentrations in ileal Peyer’s patches in gilts exposed to zearalenone

Obremski¹

2014

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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GALT induces tolerance to foreign food antigens and plays an important role in the development of food allergies and the inflammatory bowel disease. The immune function of GALT is significantly influenced by an equilibrium between Th1 and Th2 subpopulations and the cytokines they produce. Th1 cytokines participate in the induction of a cell-mediated immune response, whereas Th2 cytokines induce powerful antibody-mediated responses. Changes in Th1/Th2 cell polarization of an immune response are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases. This experiment investigated changes in cytokine levels produced by Th1 and Th2 cells in ileal Payer's patches in gilts exposed to ZEN doses below the NOEL (approximately 8 μg kg -1 BW) for 14, 28 and 42 days. A significant linear increase in IL-4 (40.32 ± 1.55 ng mg -1 -137.60 ± 29.96 ng mg -1 ), and IL-10 (5.99 ± 0.15 ng mg -1 -16.39 ± 1.11 ng mg -1 ) concentrations was observed. An increase in Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) cytokine levels was also noted in the experimental group, but it was not statistically significant. An HPLC analysis of Peyer's patches in group E animals revealed a linear increase in ZEN concentrations (3.65 ± 0.91 ng g -1 -4.72 ± 1.85 ng g -1) and an absence of α-ZEL. IL-4 stimulates monocytes and macrophages, it induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and it may directly and indirectly contribute to the development of inflammatory foci. Higher IL-4 levels could shift polarization toward Th2 cells, stimulate B cells to undergo class switching to produce IgE and contribute to the development of allergies.

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“…Besides these effects, reproductive alterations have been observed in humans and pigs (Hussein and Brasel 2001;Alm et al 2006;Tiemann and Da¨nicke 2007). The data reported herein were collected in the context of a large study analysing the transfer of DON and ZON from sows to their foetuses during pregnancy and their influence on physiological parameters in sows and foetuses/piglets Goyarts et al 2007;Tiemann et al 2008). Feeding pregnant sows with a Fusarium toxin contaminated triticale diet (4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON kg À1 diet) in the period from day 35 to 70 of gestation, DON, ZON and their metabolites were detected foetally on day 70 ), but neither the live weight of sows nor the foetus weight was significantly reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding of pregnant sows with mycotoxin-contaminated diets and their non-effect on foetal and maternal hepatic transcription of genes of the insulin-like growth factor system

Tiemann¹,

Brüssow²,

Dänicke³

et al. 2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulates foetal and placental growth. It can be influenced by dietary factors, but little is known about the effects of mycotoxin feeding on hepatic levels of the IGF system. The aim was (1) to determine the normal foetal and maternal hepatic transcription of major IGF genes at distinct stages of pregnancy and (2) to find out if the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) affect transcript concentrations. Pregnant sows were fed with naturally contaminated diets from days 35 to 70 (experiment 1), or from days 75 to 110 (experiment 2), or with control diets. Foetal hepatic IGF transcripts were determined at days 70 and 110, maternal transcripts at day 70 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The highest levels of IGF-I transcripts were found in sows. On the contrary, IGF-II was predominantly expressed in foetuses at day 70. Expression of IGF-IR and IGFBP-3 decreased, whereas that of IGFBP-2 increased towards term. IGF-IIR and IGFBP-1 expression was similar in both foetuses and full-term piglets. IGF-IIR showed reduced levels in the maternal liver. The exposure of pregnant sows to DON- and ZON-contaminated diets significantly reduced the maternal and tended to reduce the weight gain of piglets in experiment 2, but had no effects on hepatic levels of IGF transcripts in both experiments. This suggests that mycotoxin-contaminated diets can induce growth depression in pigs during pregnancy without affecting hepatic transcription of major IGF genes.

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Changes in the spleen and liver of pregnant sows and full-term piglets after feeding diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

Changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine concentrations in ileal Peyer’s patches in gilts exposed to zearalenone

Feeding of pregnant sows with mycotoxin-contaminated diets and their non-effect on foetal and maternal hepatic transcription of genes of the insulin-like growth factor system

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