Changes in the surface temperature of the dead sea and its heat storage

Stanhill, G.

doi:10.1002/joc.3370100508

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Unless stated otherwise the measurements used for calculations were mean monthly values. Full details of the instruments and methods used are given elsewhere (Stanhill, 1987(Stanhill, , 1990. Brief supplementary information is given below.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean monthly values of sea-surface temperature, t,, for the 1983-1987 period used were the weighted means of the shipborne and satellite derived values, which have been tabulated elsewhere (Stanhill, 1990). Values and sources oft, used for the two earlier periods are given in the same reference.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Value of heat storage changes AS, for the three periods of measurements were based on 27 thermal survey cruises made over a 4-year period (1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987) at 20 stations, sampling the western half of the sea (Stanhill, 1990). For the hypothetical case, values of AS were calculated assuming that the Mediterranean-Dead Sea canal was operating in the final stage of its planned first, filling phase (Ne'eman and Schul, 1983).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the rate of evaporation from the dead sea

Stanhill

1994

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Heat balance calculations indicate that during the last 40 years a marked decrease in the evaporation rate from the Dead Sea has accompanied its increased salinity. Two-thirds of the estimated 17 per cent decrease is attributed to the reduced vapour pressure of its now salt-saturated waters, the remaining one-third to the reduction in radiation balance caused by the greater longwave loss from its warmer sea surface. The rate of evaporation from a hypothetical Dead Sea with a surface level restored to previous levels by an influx of Mediterranean waters was estimated to be 158 per cent of its current rate, which is 1.05 m per year. Two-thirds of this increase was attributed to the greater vapour pressure gradient between the less saline surface water and the atmosphere, one-third to the increased radiation balance at its cooler sea surface. Although the mechanism for these changes are well understood and easily calculated, a number of complex interactions exist between the various effects that do not allow a quantitative relationship to be established analytically between the Dead Sea's surface level or salinity and rate of evaporation. However, empirically, the linear relationship between annual evaporation, E (m year-'), and surface density, D (g cm-3), E = 4.701 -2.926 D, accounts for 98 per cent of the variation between evaporation from a salt-free and from a salt-saturated Dead Sea.

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Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the rate of evaporation from the dead sea

Stanhill

1994

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…Spatial variations of the Dead Sea surface temperature may affect the estimated mass and energy balances of the Dead Sea. In the pioneering study of the Dead Sea SST by Stanhill [1990], lateral temperature variations were detected using thermal survey cruises (profiles) and by means of remote sensing. Since the remote sensing images were received only twice a day and the collection of each profile took several hours, the spatial variations within the diurnal cycle could not be resolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote sensing of the Dead Sea surface temperature

Nehorai

Lensky

et al. 2009

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The Dead Sea is a unique terminal lake located at the lowest place on Earth's surface. It has the highest surface temperature, salinity, and density among Earth's large water bodies, and its level is currently dropping at a rate of $1 m/a. Knowledge of the Dead Sea thermal and saline structure is based on meteorological and hydrological measurements from a single site at a time. In this study, we used satellite and in situ data to characterize the spatial and temporal variations of the Dead Sea sea surface temperature (SST) and to explore the causes for these variations. Sequences of almost continuous individual satellite images were transformed into a time series of parameters representing the spatial distribution of SST. Also used were in situ measured bulk SST, wind speed, solar radiation, and water temperature profiles with depth. Analysis of this data set shows strong diurnal and seasonal variations of the surface and vertical temperature field and the meteorological forcing. The temperature field is heterogeneous after noon, when radiation is high and wind speed is low and thermal layering develops. The temperature field is homogeneous during the nighttime, when solar radiation is absent and the high wind speed vertically mixes the upper layer.

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“…The larger atmosphere column for the present case of the DS (-400 m msl.) causes a non-linear reduction of the absolute SST of *2-4 K (Mallast et al 2013;Stanhill 1990). Note that the temperature represents the skin temperature of the water and, therefore, less than 1 mm of the uppermost water layer.…”

Section: Study Area and Groundwater Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

et al. 2013

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The semi-arid region of the Dead Sea heavily relies on groundwater resources. This dependence is exacerbated by both population growth and agricultural activities and demands a sustainable groundwater management. Yet, information on groundwater discharge as one main component for a sustainable management varies significantly in this area. Moreover, discharge locations, volume and temporal variability are still only partly known. A multi-temporal thermal satellite approach is applied to localise and semi-quantitatively assess groundwater discharge along the entire coastline. The authors use 100 Landsat ETM ? band 6.2 data, spanning the years between 2000 and 2011. In the first instance, raw data are transformed to sea surface temperature (SST). To account for groundwater intermittency and to provide a seasonally independent data set DT (maximum SST range) per-pixel within biennial periods is calculated subsequently. Groundwater affected areas (GAA) are characterised by DT \ 8.5°C. Unaffected areas exhibit values[10°C. This allows the exact identification of 37 discharge locations (clusters) along the entire Dead Sea coast, which spatially correspond to available in situ discharge observations. Tracking the GAA extents as a direct indicator of groundwater discharge volume over time reveals (1) a temporal variability correspondence between GAA extents and recharge amounts, (2) the reported rigid ratios of discharge volumes between different spring areas not to be valid for all years considering the total discharge, (3) a certain variability in discharge locations as a consequence of the Dead Sea level drop, and finally (4) the assumed flushing effect of old Dead Sea brines from the sedimentary body to have occurred at least during the two series of

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Changes in the surface temperature of the dead sea and its heat storage

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Changes in the rate of evaporation from the dead sea

Changes in the rate of evaporation from the dead sea

Remote sensing of the Dead Sea surface temperature

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

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