Changes in the water-permeability of roots of some trees during drought stress and recovery, as related to problems of growth in urban environment

Wiersum, L. K.; Harmanny, Klaas

doi:10.1007/bf02369978

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Urban trees are frequently stressed due to lack of water and nutrients [24], [25]. In some cases, stress can reduce tree defenses, leading to higher herbivore abundance [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Warming Drives Insect Pest Abundance on Street Trees

et al. 2013

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Cities profoundly alter biological communities, favoring some species over others, though the mechanisms that govern these changes are largely unknown. Herbivorous arthropod pests are often more abundant in urban than in rural areas, and urban outbreaks have been attributed to reduced control by predators and parasitoids and to increased susceptibility of stressed urban plants. These hypotheses, however, leave many outbreaks unexplained and fail to predict variation in pest abundance within cities. Here we show that the abundance of a common insect pest is positively related to temperature even when controlling for other habitat characteristics. The scale insect Parthenolecanium quercifex was 13 times more abundant on willow oak trees in the hottest parts of Raleigh, NC, in the southeastern United States, than in cooler areas, though parasitism rates were similar. We further separated the effects of heat from those of natural enemies and plant quality in a greenhouse reciprocal transplant experiment. P. quercifex collected from hot urban trees became more abundant in hot greenhouses than in cool greenhouses, whereas the abundance of P. quercifex collected from cooler urban trees remained low in hot and cool greenhouses. Parthenolecanium quercifex living in urban hot spots succeed with warming, and they do so because some demes have either acclimatized or adapted to high temperatures. Our results provide the first evidence that heat can be a key driver of insect pest outbreaks on urban trees. Since urban warming is similar in magnitude to global warming predicted in the next 50 years, pest abundance on city trees may foreshadow widespread outbreaks as natural forests also grow warmer.

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“…Urban trees are frequently stressed due to lack of water and nutrients [24], [25]. In some cases, stress can reduce tree defenses, leading to higher herbivore abundance [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Warming Drives Insect Pest Abundance on Street Trees

et al. 2013

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“…The specific root area (root surface area per unit dry weight) can be ten times higher than the specific leaf area (being 0.2 and 0.02 m 2 g -1 , respectively). For oak and aspen saplings grown in pots, (Wiersum and Harmanny, 1983) observed a root surface area of approximately twice the leaf surface area.…”

Section: Insert Figure 81 Near Herementioning

confidence: 96%

Root distribution of trees and crops: competition and/or complementarity.

Noordwijk¹,

Lawson²,

Soumaré³

et al. 2015

Tree-Crop Interactions: Agroforestry in a Changing Climate

113

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“…). Wiersum & Harmanny () showed that ash was relatively slow to reduce the permeability of its roots in response to drought. This is despite ash roots having a small mean vessel diameter (35.0 ± 1.1 μm, SD) compared to beech (42.3 ± 1.4 μm) in roots <3.5 mm diameter.…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles:Fraxinus excelsior

Thomas

2016

Journal of Ecology

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Summary1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Ash) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. 2. Fraxinus excelsior is a large forest tree, native throughout the main islands of Britain and much of mainland Europe. Seedlings are shade tolerant, but adults are not so it tends to be an intermediate successional species, invading gaps in mixed stands rather than forming extensive pure stands. Ash grows on a wide range of soils but is commonest on nutrient-rich soils with a high base status and pH > 4.2, and is at its best on dry calcareous screes and fertile alluvial soils. 3. Fraxinus excelsior is trioecious or subdioecious with male, hermaphrodite and female flowers and trees. Seed production is prolific with periodic higher producing mast years. Seeds are primarily wind-dispersed, but they can float and be moved considerable distances along waterways. Germination is delayed by dormancy until usually the second spring after being shed. 4. Ash is tolerant of drought, but intolerant of spring frosts and so is predicted to fare well under current climate change scenarios, and indeed has recently been expanding in range in Europe. However, ash health and survival is currently seriously compromised by ash dieback caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (Chalara fraxinea) that has the potential to kill all but a very few resistant trees. Moreover, the emerald ash borer beetle Agrilus planipennis, a serious pest of ash species in N. America, has reached Europe (though not yet the British Isles) and poses an equally if not more serious long-term threat to ash.

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Changes in the water-permeability of roots of some trees during drought stress and recovery, as related to problems of growth in urban environment

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Urban Warming Drives Insect Pest Abundance on Street Trees

Urban Warming Drives Insect Pest Abundance on Street Trees

Root distribution of trees and crops: competition and/or complementarity.

Biological Flora of the British Isles:Fraxinus excelsior

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