Changes in Trust after Driving Level 2 Automated Cars

Abstract

Overtrust and undertrust are major issues with partially automated vehicles. Ideally, trust should be calibrated ensuring that drivers’ subjective feelings of safety match the objective reliability of the vehicle. In the present study, we examined if drivers’ trust toward Level 2 cars changed after on-road experience. Drivers’ self-reported trust was assessed three times: before having experience with these vehicles, immediately after driving two types of vehicles, and two weeks after the driving experience. Analysis of the results showed major changes in trust scores after the on-road driving experience. Before experiencing the vehicles, participants tended to overestimate the vehicle capabilities. Afterwards they had a better understanding of vehicles’ limitations, resulting in better calibrated trust.

Acclimatizing to automation: Driver workload and stress during partially automated car following in real traffic

“…Also, it remains to be studied how our findings generalize to other driving scenarios, such as driving during rush hours. Our experiment could be extended by investigating, for example, the effects on behavioural adaptation and trust, complementing recent on-road studies with partially automated driving systems by, amongst others, Banks, Eriksson, O'Donoghue, and Stanton (2018), Fridman, Brown, Kindelsberger, Angell, Mehler, and Reimer (2019), Koskinen, Lyyra, Mallat, and Tuunainen (2019), Lin, Ma, and Zhang (2018), and Walker, Boelhouwer, Alkim, Verwey, and Martens (2018).…”

On-Road Evaluation of Autonomous Driving Training

“…All the studies about automated vehicles mentioned in Section 2.1, which included a test drive, were conducted in high-end driving simulators usually consisting of a real vehicle surrounded by panoramic displays. The few studies involving an on-road driving experience concerned a lower level (typically SAE Level-2) of automation [27], [28].…”

“…Real-life driving experiences can lead to a better understanding of vehicles' limitations and to improvements in trust calibration of automated vehicles [28]. To date, conducting an experiment with automated vehicles requires strict authorizations; furthermore, for security and legal issues, only drivers with a special license are usually allowed to drive in predetermined and controlled stretches of road.…”

Calibration of Trust in Automated Driving: A Matter of Initial Level of Trust and Automation Driving Style?

“…As automated driving technologies are progressively becoming available, it is of particular interest to investigate the specificities of drivers' Trust in Automated Driving (TiAD), in order to understand the cognitive processes underlying automated vehicles adoption (Manchon et al, 2020). TiAD has been studied during the last years (e.g., Beller et al, 2013;Kraus, Scholz, Messner, et al, 2020;Payre et al, 2016;Schwarz et al, 2019), but little is known about its early calibration (Hergeth et al, 2016;Körber, Baseler, et al, 2018) and its evolution over time (Hartwich, Witzlack, et al, 2018;Walker et al, 2018). Following Hoff and Bashir's theoretical framework (2015), this study focus on the initial and dynamic learned trust.…”