Changes in UK Parental Mental Health Symptoms over 10 months of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Background. The threats to health, associated restrictions, and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been linked to increases in mental health difficulties for many. Parents, in particular, have experienced many challenges such as having to combine work with home-schooling their children and other caring responsibilities. Yet, it remains unclear how parental mental health has changed throughout the pandemic or what factors may have mitigated or compounded the impact of the pandemic on parents’ mental health.Methods. We examined monthly survey data from two linked UK-based longitudinal studies: Co-SPACE and Co-SPYCE. Data from 5,576 parents/carers of 2-16-year-old children collected between April 2020 and January 2021 was analysed using mixed-effect modelling and latent class growth mixture modelling.Results. Parental stress and depression, but not anxiety, were higher during the periods of restrictions. This pattern was most pronounced for parents with primary-school-aged children, whilst parents with secondary-school-aged children showed greater continuous increases in mental health symptoms from the start of the pandemic. Although around three quarters of parents reported consistently low mental health symptoms, a substantial minority reported consistently high or increasing symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression. The latter were more likely to be parents who were younger than average, were a single adult in the household, had a pre-existing mental health diagnosis, or had a child with special educational needs or a neurodevelopmental disorder.Conclusions. These findings emphasise how different personal circumstances and pre-existing inequalities shaped how parents were affected by this unprecedented global pandemic and highlight the need for support and consideration to meet the needs of families in the future.

Psychological, endocrine and polygenic predictors of emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in a longitudinal birth cohort

“…There have been inconsistent findings considering emotional well-being over the course of the pandemic. Our results are in line with previous results showing improvement of emotional well-being among children (Achterberg et al, 2021;Skripkauskaite et al, 2020) over the course.…”

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people from black and mixed ethnic groups’ mental health in West London: a qualitative study

“…This is potentially due to measurement differences as most quantitative studies measure changes in scores while qualitative ones focus on the most salient experience for the individual. Additionally, research suggests that although improvements in mental health after lockdown were observed among most young people, they did not manifest in at-risk youth 52. The latter study’s selection criterion for at-risk youth was household income, which although partially overlapping with ethnic minority, remains a distinctive non-interchangeable demographic 53.…”

“…Additionally, research suggests that although improvements in mental health after lockdown were observed among most young people, they did not manifest in at-risk youth. 52 The latter study’s selection criterion for at-risk youth was household income, which although partially overlapping with ethnic minority, remains a distinctive non-interchangeable demographic. 53 This is not a criterion we used for our young people.…”

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on young people from black and mixed-ethnic groups’ mental health: A qualitative study

“…Additionally, research suggests that although improvements in mental health after lockdown were observed amongst most young people, they did not manifest in at-risk youth [48]. The latter study's selection criteria for at-risk youth was household income, which although partially overlapping with ethnic minority, remains a distinctive non-interchangeable demographic [49].…”