Changes in upper body muscle activity with increasing double poling velocities in elite cross-country skiing

Lindinger, Stefan; Holmberg, Hans‐Christer; Müller, Erich; Rapp, Walter

doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1018-5

Cited by 55 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In contrast, Lindinger et al (2009c) showed that modern elite skiers control speed by both increases in poling frequency and cycle length up to considerably higher speeds (*27 kmÁh -1 ), a strategy related to modern, more dynamic double poling with generation of higher forces during more dynamic flexion/ extension patterns in upper body and leg joints Lindinger et al 2009b). The role of frequency in speed control leads to the important question of how elite cross-country skiers adapt to different double poling frequencies at different constant speeds, a topic that has been rarely analysed in cross-country skiing (Millet et al 1998a) but was extensively explored in other endurance sports with frequency found to be a crucial factor for performance (for refs see Marais and Pelayo 2003;Vercruyssen and Brisswalter 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Similar to the effects of speed (Lindinger et al 2009b, c), the decrease in poling frequency increases the possibility for an effective stretchshortening cycle with (1) increased angular elbow flexion (muscle-tendon stretch) velocities, (2) a more immediate transition from flexion to extension phase and (3) the increased forces during the flexion phase (Komi 2000). These characteristics have been shown to be responsible for a distinct increase in triceps brachii muscle activity during elbow flexion and a decreased electromyographic (EMG) activity from the flexion to extension phase (Lindinger et al 2009b). High EMG activity and stretching velocities of the muscle-tendon complex during flexion have been reported to create higher muscle stiffness and better conditions for the storage of elastic strain energy (Bosco et al 1981;Gollhofer et al 1984;Ishikawa and Komi 2004;Komi and Gollhofer 1997;Kuitunen et al 2002).…”

Section: Joint Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…High EMG activity and stretching velocities of the muscle-tendon complex during flexion have been reported to create higher muscle stiffness and better conditions for the storage of elastic strain energy (Bosco et al 1981;Gollhofer et al 1984;Ishikawa and Komi 2004;Komi and Gollhofer 1997;Kuitunen et al 2002). Consequently, the lower motor unit activity during the concentric phase in the triceps muscle during double poling (Lindinger et al 2009b), as well as in the leg muscles during diagonal skiing (Komi and Norman 1987), has been interpreted as increased mechanical efficiency and thereby economized human locomotion (Cavagna et al 1964) by lower expenditure of metabolic energy in the muscle (Norman and Komi 1985). How frequency in detail influences the stretch-shortening cycle muscle activity during double poling needs to be further investigated.…”

Section: Joint Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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How do elite cross-country skiers adapt to different double poling frequencies at low to high speeds?

Lindinger

Holmberg

2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The purpose of the study was to examine the biomechanical-physiological effects of different frequencies using the double poling technique in cross-country skiing. Nine elite skiers roller-skied using poling frequencies of 40, 60 and 80 cycles·min(-1) (Pf(40,) Pf(60), Pf(80)) at submaximal treadmill speeds (12, 18, 24 km·h(-1)). Cycle characteristics, pole forces, joint angles and physiological responses were measured. Comparing Pf(40) versus Pf(60) versus Pf(80) (all variables different at P < 0.05), absolute poling time decreased by up to 46%, as did absolute and relative (% cycle time) recovery times, at almost all speeds. Peak force, impulse of force and time to peak force decreased, whereas impact force increased with frequency at almost all speeds. Elbow ranges of motion and angular velocities, hip and knee angle maxima and flexion/extension ranges of motion per cycle decreased, whereas hip and knee angle minima, ranges of motion per minute and angular extension velocities during recovery phase all increased with frequency at nearly all speeds. Oxygen uptake and heart rate increased up to 13% (Pf(40-60) versus Pf(80)) at all speeds. Pulmonary ventilation increased most distinctly at the highest speed. Blood lactate was lowest at Pf(60) and highest at Pf(80) (J-shape curve) at 24 km·h(-1). Gross efficiency decreased with higher frequency at all speeds. These results demonstrate different biomechanical and physiological demands at different frequencies with the beneficial effects of lower poling frequencies at submaximal speeds. For training purposes, we suggest that cross-country skiers would benefit by training with different poling frequencies to vary their training load.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Joint Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Joint Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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How do elite cross-country skiers adapt to different double poling frequencies at low to high speeds?

Lindinger

Holmberg

2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, the pole characteristics are of special interest in DP, 12,13 with pole length being one of the obvious parameters that could influence DP performance. Since the pole length used in a competition needs to be a compromise between the optimal lengths used in the different sub-techniques and terrains, knowledge about the specific effects of pole length on performance would be beneficial to cross-country skiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2 Cost, and Kinematics in Double Poling

Losnegard¹,

Myklebust²,

Skattebo³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på journals.humankinetics.com: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1123/ijspp.2015-0754 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at journals.humankinetics.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0754 Cycle and reposition time did not differ between pole lengths at any speeds tested, whereas poling time tended to be shorter for self-selected than for long poles at the lower speeds (≤ 3.5 m·s -1 , P≤0.10), but not at the higher speeds (≥4.0 m·s -1 , P≥0.23).Conclusion: Double poling 1000-m time, submaximal O2-cost and center of mass vertical range of displacement were reduced in competitive cross-country skiers using poles 7.5 cm longer than self-selected ones.

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“…In turn, increase in plasma activities of CK and LDH due to their leakage from cell into the extracellular fluids is generally considered as being indicative of cellular damage. Therefore, a daily monitoring of training status takes place with measurement of these parameters in plasma [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study on infrared thermal imaging of cross-country skiers and swimmers subjected to endurance exercise

Drzazga

Binek

Pokora

et al. 2018

J Therm Anal Calorim

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This study was focused on the thermal mapping of skin over the selected muscle zones in two groups of elite athletes fully engaged in completely other sports performing about an hour running effort at individual AT intensity. Two groups of elite male athletes, a group of cross-country skiers (CS; N = 6) and a group of elite endurance swimmers (SW; N = 4), were investigated. Thermal images of sportsmen' body at front and from the rear were recorded before and about 1-2 min after exercise test using camera Flir Systems E60. Functional (heart rate, oxygen uptake, workload) as well as biochemical markers (activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, concentration of lactate and haemoglobin) were also assessed. The marked differentiation in skin temperature distribution in cross-country skiers and endurance swimmers subjected to the same endurance exercise on treadmill was observed. There was significant decrease in temperature in upper body temperature in CS group, while SW group revealed a significant increase in temperature of the lower limbs. The calculated total body skin temperature was also influenced by practicing training of elite athletes. Some significant correlations of physiological, biochemical and morphological parameters (% fat) with average temperature after exercise test were found for different muscle zones in swimmers and cross-country skiers. Statistical analysis showed that workload had the most impact on skin temperature changes, especially in swimmers. The results provide additional information on the muscle work in the different sport disciplines and may be helpful in efficiency evaluation of elite athletes.

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Changes in upper body muscle activity with increasing double poling velocities in elite cross-country skiing

Cited by 55 publications

References 61 publications

How do elite cross-country skiers adapt to different double poling frequencies at low to high speeds?

How do elite cross-country skiers adapt to different double poling frequencies at low to high speeds?

The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2 Cost, and Kinematics in Double Poling

A preliminary study on infrared thermal imaging of cross-country skiers and swimmers subjected to endurance exercise

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