Changes in Wave Energy in the Shelf Seas of India during the Last 40 Years Based on ERA5 Reanalysis Data

Amrutha, M. M.; Kumar, V. Sanil

doi:10.3390/en13010115

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The results presented in this study form the primary input for planning wind farms in the Indian shelf seas. Recently Amrutha and Kumar [36] reported the wave energy resources in the same locations in the Indian shelf seas, and the data presented in this article could be used for planning hybrid energy converters in the shelf seas of India.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

et al. 2020

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Wind power variations at two heights (the surface level and turbine hub level) were investigated at 20 locations in the shelf seas of India using hourly fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate (ERA5) data covering the last 40 years (1979 to 2018). The interannual and seasonal variability in wind power was studied. The wind power density, the exceedance probability of power density and the exploitable wind resources were examined. In the Indian shelf seas, the annual mean wind power density at 10 m above mean sea level varies from 82 to 353 W/m2. Wind power density at 110.8 m is 20% to 40% higher than at 10 m above mean sea level. The study shows that the shelf seas have an abundance of wind power, with wind speeds over 3 m/s during 90% of the time at locations 1 to 3, 12 and 13, with a high occurrence of exploitable wind energy above 0.7 × 103 kWh/m2. Among the locations studied, the most power-rich area was location 12, where during ~62% of the time power was greater than 200 W/m2. A significant change (~10–35%) in inter-annual wind power density was detected at a few locations, and these variations were associated with Indian summer monsoon and El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. Trend analysis suggests a decreasing trend in the annual mean wind power density for most of the locations in the Indian shelf seas over the last 40 years. Wind power has considerable directional distribution, and at different locations the annual wind power from the dominant direction is 10% to 79% of the total available power from all directions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

et al. 2020

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“…(Ramon et al, 2019). CAWCR data also contain a change in both wind forcing and wave model physics (to account for the wind forcing change) which could have imparted inconsistencies particularly for trend analysis (Smith et al, 2021) whereas ERA5 is more consistent and has been successfully used to determine long-term trends (Amrutha & Sanil Kumar, 2019;Takbash & Young, 2020). Hence, the trend and interannual variability results derived here used ERA5 wave products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evaluation of ERA5 and CAWCR global deepwater ocean wave models against in‐situ buoy data around the South African coast indicated that the former was more accurate, consistent with ERA5 near‐surface winds having previously been shown to be about 30% more accurate than an ensemble mean of reanalysis products (Ramon et al., 2019). CAWCR data also contain a change in both wind forcing and wave model physics (to account for the wind forcing change) which could have imparted inconsistencies particularly for trend analysis (Smith et al., 2021) whereas ERA5 is more consistent and has been successfully used to determine long‐term trends (Amrutha & Sanil Kumar, 2019; Takbash & Young, 2020). Hence, the trend and interannual variability results derived here used ERA5 wave products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in High Wave Energy Events Around the Southern African Coast

2022

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The wave energy flux along the southern African coastline often reaches extreme levels, seriously impacting coastal communities, infrastructure, as well as near‐coast and offshore marine operations. Understanding the drivers behind past high wave energy events and their frequency is key to forecasting future events. Using in‐situ wave buoy data recorded by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the ERA5 and CACWR global wave model products are evaluated. The better‐performing ERA5 product is used to assess long‐term variability and trends around the coastline between 1979 and 2020. There are significant increasing trends in offshore flux for all seasons, with spring having the strongest coastal trends. Substantial interannual variability exists in wave energy flux and direction. Possible drivers, the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO), were assessed to find that SAM appears to show the strongest relationship overall. Negative (positive) SAM is associated with above (below) average and westerly (easterly) anomalies in both flux and direction. ENSO directly impacts the summer wave climate while the SAO indirectly impacts the wave energy flux over spring and winter. During many seasons, more than one climate mode is active. It is found the strongest significant near‐coast positive westerly anomalies occurred under negative SAM and negative SAO, with more intense offshore anomalies under El Niño, whereas the strongest significant negative east‐northeasterly anomalies occurred under a combination of La Niña with positive SAM and SAO phases.

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“…In this regard, numerous regional studies have also been conducted. For example, the North Pacific (NP) (Bromirski et al 2005(Bromirski et al , 2013Yang and Oh 2020), North Atlantic (NA) (Bromirski and Kossin 2008;Bromirski and Cayan 2015;Santo et al 2015), Black Sea (Aydogan et al 2013), along the Australian coasts (Hemer et al 2016(Hemer et al , 2018, and shelf seas of India (Kumar and Anoop 2015;Sannasiraj and Sundar, 2016;Amrutha et al 2019;Amrutha and Kumar 2020). However, seasonal/annual variations in extreme WP have not been assessed yet at the global and regional scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Natural Climate Variability on Extreme Wave Power over Indo-Pacific Ocean Assessed using ERA5

Kumar

Kaur

Weller

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In recent decades, wave power (WP) energy from the ocean is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources associated with oceanic warming. In Indo-Pacific Ocean, the WP is significantly influenced by natural climate variabilities, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In this study, the impact of major climate variability modes on seasonal extreme WP is examined over the period 1979–2019 using ERA5 reanalysis data and the non-stationary generalized extreme value analysis is applied to estimate the climatic extremes. Independent ENSO influence after removing the IOD trends (ENSO|IOD) on WP are evident over the eastern and central Pacific during December–February (DJF) and March–May (MAM), respectively, which subsequently shifts towards the western Pacific in June–August (JJA) and September–November (SON). The ENSO|PDO impact on WP exhibits similar yet weaker intensity year round compared to ENSO. Extreme WP responses due to the IOD|ENSO include widespread decreases over the tropical and eastern Indian Ocean (IO), with localized increases only over the South China and Philippine (SCP) seas and Bay of Bengal (BOB) during JJA, and the Arabian Sea during SON. Lastly, for the PDO|ENSO, the significant increases in WP are mostly confined to the Pacific, and most prominent in the North Pacific. Composite analysis of different phase combinations of PDO (IOD) with El Niño (La Niña) reveals stronger (weaker) influences year-round. The response patterns in significant wave height (SWH), peak wave period (PWP), sea surface temperatures (SST), and sea level pressure (SLP) helps to explain the seasonal variations in WP.

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Changes in Wave Energy in the Shelf Seas of India during the Last 40 Years Based on ERA5 Reanalysis Data

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

Variability in High Wave Energy Events Around the Southern African Coast

Influence of Natural Climate Variability on Extreme Wave Power over Indo-Pacific Ocean Assessed using ERA5

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