Changes Induced by Low Light Intensities on the Prolamellar Body of 8‐day, Dark‐grown Seedlings

Weier, T. E.; Sjoland, R. D.; Brown, David

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1970.tb09816.x

Cited by 36 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Previously it had been proposed that the shift is associated with the much later membrane change of prolamellar body dispersal, SHIBATA SHIFT AND while prolamellar body transformation parallels the earlier change of PChle photoconversion (12,13,43). However, in the present experiments, untransformed prolamellar bodies were repeatedly observed after complete photoconversion of PChle, and a similar situation has been reported in whole leaves (36,39). In addition, it is known that the Shibata shift can take place without concomitant PLB dispersal (13 (13).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate on the Shibata Shift and on Associated Structural Changes in the Conformation of the Prolamellar Body in Isolated Maize Etioplasts

Horton

Leech²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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Isolated maize (Zea mays var. kelvedon glory) etioplasts have been used to investigate the relationships between the spectral shifts and ultrastructural changes which occur during light-induced chloroplast development. After primary photoconversion, the Shibata shift was observed as a change from 680 to 670 nm in the chlorophyllide absorption maximum. When 1.5 nM ATP was added to the incubation medium the maximum was 675 nm even after 3.5 hours of illumination. Difference spectra for this effect indicate ATP inhibition of the Shibata shift. Two bands with maxima at 682 and 669 nm can be used to fit spectra of both ATP-treated and control etioplasts, the estimated proportions of chlorophyllide 682 being 36% and 6%, respectively. Quantitative analysis of electron micrographs of the etioplasts showed that the frequency of untransformed prolameliar bodies was also higher in the presence of ATP (73% untransformed compared to 22% in the absence of ATP). A similar correlation was observed when transformation was measured for two etioplast fractions which show the shift to different extents. These results imply that the Shibata shift and prolamellar body transformation are related events, both being inhibited by the presence of ATP. ATP may therefore have an important role in regulating the early stages of plastid development.The early stages of the light-induced transformation of greening etioplasts into chloroplasts in leaves involve several shifts in the position of the chlorophyll(ide) absorption maximum (1,8,11,18,28,(30)(31)(32) (8,12), suggesting that the changes in association between different pigment molecules or between pigment molecules and other membrane components is the cause of the shift (18). This hypothesis is supported by the demonstration that the shift also occurs in isolated Chle-holochrome suspensions (3,14,26), and other recent evidence indicates that a change in holochrome conformation occurs during the shift (14,22,27). An alternative view is that phytylation is the cause of the Shibata shift (29) but there is little direct experimental support for this view.The rate of the Shibata shift is variable and appears to depend on several parameters. Electron microscopical studies have indicated that the shift is itself correlated with specific membrane changes occurring in the developing plastid; according to Von Wettstein's group, prolamellar body dispersal can occur simultaneously with the Shibata shift in barley but they add that in other species the relationship between the spectral and ultrastructural changes is not always as clearly seen (13, 43).Studies using whole plants in which attempts have been made to examine the control of the Shibata shift and its relationship to membrane changes have been hindered by the complexity of the metabolism of the intact tissue and by the difficulty in inducing alteration of specific processes from outside the whole organism. Recently systems of isolated etioplasts have been described by Wellburn and Wellburn (40,41,42) and by Horton and Leech (15,16)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate on the Shibata Shift and on Associated Structural Changes in the Conformation of the Prolamellar Body in Isolated Maize Etioplasts

Horton

Leech²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…When whole preirradiated cotyledons were incubated at low light intensity for 16 hr, the reacted prolamellar bodies reverted to the crystalline condition (Fig.SB). Similar reversions were reported by Weier et al (21). However, in developing chloroplasts isolated from preirradiated cotyledons and incubated for 16 hr in the presence of cofactors under the same illumination, the reacted prolamellar bodies failed to revert to the crystalline condition (Fig.SD).…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

Chloroplast Maintenance and Partial Differentiation in Vitro

Rebeiz¹,

Larson²,

Weier³

et al. 1973

Plant Physiol.

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Tissue homogenates, etioplasts, and developing chloroplasts were prepared from cucumber (Cumucis sativus L.) cotyledons in tris-sucrose. They were incubated aerobically in the dark or in the light at pH 7.7 in the presence or absence of a cofactor mixture containing coenzyme A, glutathione, potassium phosphate, methyl alcohol, magnesium, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. These (1,6,8,9). These organelles appear to possess certain amounts of RNA and DNA as well as the machinery for the biosynthesis of lipid, protein, and nucleic acids (9). They seem capable of dividing in vitro (17) and of forming their own protochlorophyll and chlorophyll from simple substrates (14,15,22). The differentiation of etioplasts into chloroplasts during greening is accompanied by substantial synthesis and accumulation of chlorophyll (11), carotenoids (12, 13), insoluble proteins, and colorless lipids (10). Likewise, dividing chloroplasts must grow before reaching full size (17). An assessment of cellular control during chloroplast differentiation, growth, maintenance, and division is therefore indispensable in evaluating the degree of autonomy of this organelle. (14,15). Cotyledons to be preirradiated were harvested with full hypocotyl hook as previously described (7). They were placed in beakers with enough distilled H20 to keep them moist and were illuminated with 240 ft-c of white fluorescent light at 28 C for 2.5 or 4.5 hr (15).Chemicals. The commercial sources of chemicals were reported elsewhere (14, 15). Preparation of Unfortified and Fortified Crude Homogenates. "Unfortified" crude homogenates were prepared from 4.5-day-old cotyledons as follows. Four grams of etiolated or greening cotyledons were gently ground with mortar and pestle without sand in 6.0 ml of 0.5 M sucrose and 0.2 M tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 0 to 5 C. The brei was filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. About 5 ml of unfortified crude homogenates were obtained. "Fortified" crude homogenates were prepared by grinding 4 g of etiolated or greening cotyledons in 6.0 ml of fortified tris-HCl and 0.

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“…There is earlier evidence that P is associated with the prolamellar bodies (12,15,23,27), and Henningsen and Boynton (10), from a study of reformation of P and prolamellar bodies in 7-day-old illuminated etiolated barley leaves, and Weier et al (25) concluded that protochlorophyll(ide) is a necessary factor in prolamellar body formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Correlated Appearance of Prolamellar Bodies, Protochlorophyll(ide) Species, and the Shibata Shift during Development of Bean Etioplasts in the Dark

1972

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The structure and physiology of the etioplast was investigated in developing primary leaves of 3-to 9-day-old dark-grown bean (Phaseolus rulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) seedlings. Increase in total protochlorophyll(ide) content followed that of leaf fresh weight. In 3-to 4-day-old bean leaves more than 50% of the protochlorophyll(ide) is in the form of protochlorophyll(ide) 628, which is nontransformable by light. Most of the transformable pigment is protochlorophyll(ide) 635, with smaller amounts of protochlorophyll (ide) 650. During leaf development from the 3rd to the 7th day phototransformable protochlorophyll(ide) with an absorbance maximum at 650 nm accumulates faster than nontransformable protochlorophyll(ide) or protochlorophvll(ide) 635. This increase in protochlorophyll(ide) 650 is correlated with the formation and enlargement of prolamellar bodies.The transformable protochlorophyll(ide) is converted by light directly to chlorophyll(ide) 672 in young leaves which do not yet have prolamellar bodies, and chlorophyll(ide) 672 may arise largely from the protochlorophyll(ide) 635. In older leaves the protochlorophyll(ide), largely protochlorophvll(ide) 650, is converted to chlorophyll(ide) 683, and a Shibata shift results in a change in the wavelength of absorption to 672 nm. The increase in protochlorophyll(ide) 650, the formation of prolamellar bodies, and the presence of the Shibata shift appear to be closely correlated. A model is briefly presented to provide a unified interpretation of these findings, including certain similarities between dark-grown Euglena cells and 3-to 4-day-old etiolated bean leaves.Etioplasts in the leaves of higher plants contain an elaborate internal membrane system composed of the prolamellar body and, attached to it, a number of perforated double membrane sheets (14, for references). The P'l in the etioplasts exists in at least three different forms, which can be characterized by their absorption maxima in the red region. Two of these forms, absorbing at 650 nm (Pa0) and 635 nm (P.), are con- The structural development of the etioplast in the leaves of the growing bean seedling has been studied repeatedly, most recently by Weier and Brown (24). The time course of protochlorophyll(ide) accumulation and regeneration in etiolated bean leaves has been studied by Akoyunoglou and Siegelman (1) as a function of seedling age. We shall report here details of etioplast development in 3-to 9-day-old bean seedlings; particularly the accumulation of convertible and nonconvertible protochlorophyll(ide), changes in the absorption spectra of the developing leaves in vivo, and structural changes in the etioplasts of the dark-grown leaves.MATERIALS AND METHODS Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney seeds were germinated in wet vermiculite in a dark chamber at 26 C for 2 to 9 days. One-gram samples of the primary leaves removed from the embryos or the seedlings after various times were then extracted with 80% (v/v) acetone in the presence of a small amount of MgCO3, and the total protochlor...

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Changes Induced by Low Light Intensities on the Prolamellar Body of 8‐day, Dark‐grown Seedlings

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

The Effect of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate on the Shibata Shift and on Associated Structural Changes in the Conformation of the Prolamellar Body in Isolated Maize Etioplasts

The Effect of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate on the Shibata Shift and on Associated Structural Changes in the Conformation of the Prolamellar Body in Isolated Maize Etioplasts

Chloroplast Maintenance and Partial Differentiation in Vitro

The Correlated Appearance of Prolamellar Bodies, Protochlorophyll(ide) Species, and the Shibata Shift during Development of Bean Etioplasts in the Dark

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