Changes of Ground Reaction Force and Timing Variables in the Course of Habituation of Horses to the Treadmill

Bächi, Beatus; Wiestner, Thomas; Stoll, Alexandra; Waldern, Nina M.; Imboden, I; Weishaupt, Michael A

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2017.12.013

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…8 and 9 are displayed as dots. (2020) 10:2420 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59400-w www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Horses should get accommodated to treadmill exercise prior to investigations as motion pattern occurs unsteady when using a treadmill the first time and at the beginning of any exercise 27,28 . This may influence results of studies investigating variations in rein tension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few days prior to measurements, all horses were trained by IKP and KP to walk and trot on a horizontal high-speed treadmill (Mustang 2200, KAGRA AG, Switzerland). Every horse was exercised at ten minutes intervals for both walk and trot, twice a day for a period of five days according to Buchner et al 27 in compliance with recommendations of Bächi et al 28 . In order to ensure motion pattern consistency, the individual optimum speed of movement for walk and trot was determined during the training phase 29 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bit type exerts an influence on self-controlled rein tension in unridden horses

Kau

Potz

Pospisil

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Bit configuration and acting rein forces play a crucial role in oral health and comfort of ridden horses. Although it is a big animal welfare issue, dynamic response of horses to different bits has yet not been thoroughly investigated. This convenience sample experimental study describes a model to overcome the almost uncontrollable influence of riders on rein tension and evaluates self-controlled maximum side rein tension of ten sound horses randomly bitted with a double-jointed (DJS) and a version of a Mullen mouth snaffle-bit under unridden conditions. Horses were exercised at walk and trot on a horizontal treadmill wearing custom made force-sensing resistors (FSR) equipped to side reins. FSR were synchronized with a camera-based motion analysis system providing information on amplitudes and temporal occurrence of self-controlled maximum side rein tensile forces during different phases of separated motion cycles. The DJS exhibited larger side rein tension, indicating higher bit contact. Constant temporal occurrence of monophasic maxima at walk and biphasic maxima at trot could be observed in both bits. Within the limitations of this study, application of FSR linked to side reins in unridden horses may provide a promising tool when studying subjective response of horses to different bits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bit type exerts an influence on self-controlled rein tension in unridden horses

Kau

Potz

Pospisil

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…As opposed to the round pen or racetrack work, the horse is moving forward on a cushioned moving belt at a known speed. Treadmill work takes out variables such as weather, rider error, footing issues, or inconsistent pace [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treadmill is commonly used to investigate poor performance problems and perform upper airway dynamic endoscopies [7]. It is also an important tool in equine gait analysis [8], lameness [9], and hoof balance [10] evaluation or horses rehabilitation [11]. The use of the treadmill allows for measurements of the horse's physiology and biomechanics, allowing researchers to obtain valuable data equivalent to overground locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, before a reasonable comparison can be made, horses have to be habituated to treadmill locomotion [12]. Habituation to treadmill locomotion has been investigated mainly in the biomechanic aspect, whereas behavioral observations are seldom described [9,12,13]. Due to the fact that inappropriate techniques of handling and/or working from the ground account for much of the wastage rates among horses, and also the majority of injuries among handlers [14], the association between horses' temperament and behavioral habituation of horses to the work on a treadmill are an important aspect of the equine industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horse Behavior, Physiology and Emotions during Habituation to a Treadmill

Maśko

Domino

Lewczuk

et al. 2020

Animals

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A treadmill is an important tool in the equine analysis of gait, lameness, and hoof balance, as well as for the evaluation of horse rehabilitation or poor performance including dynamic endoscopy. Before all of these uses, horses have to be habituated to a treadmill locomotion. We used principal component analysis to evaluate the relationship between aspects of the horse’s temperament and emotional response, and progress in the behavioral habituation to a treadmill. Fourteen horses were tested, by the same familiar handler, using the novel object test, the handling test, and both positive and negative emotional response tests. Then, four stages of gradual habituation of the first work on a treadmill were conducted. Each time, the horse’s behavior was filmed. Data obtained from ethograms and heart rate measurements were tested. Four principal components were identified in examined horses: “Flightiness”, “Freeziness”, “Curiosity”, and “Timidity”. Flightiness was connected with nervousness, agitation by new objects, and easy excitability, and gradually decreased of features during habituation. Timidity was associated with a lack of courage and stress in new situations, and those features strongly increased when the treadmill was introduced. Freeziness and Curiosity features showed strong stability throughout the whole habituation. The results of this study provide evidence for a connection between temperament, emotional response, and habituation process in a horse.

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Orthotopic equine study confirms the pivotal importance of structural reinforcement over the pre‐culture of cartilage implants

de Ruijter,

Diloksumpan,

Dokter

et al. 2023

Bioengineering & Transla Med

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In articular cartilage (AC), the collagen arcades provide the tissue with its extraordinary mechanical properties. As these structures cannot be restored once damaged, functional restoration of AC defects remains a major challenge. We report that the use of a converged bioprinted, osteochondral implant, based on a gelatin methacryloyl cartilage phase, reinforced with precisely patterned melt electrowritten polycaprolactone micrometer‐scale fibers in a zonal fashion, inspired by native collagen architecture, can provide long‐term mechanically stable neo‐tissue in an orthotopic large animal model. The design of this novel implant was achieved via state‐of‐the‐art converging of extrusion‐based ceramic printing, melt electrowriting, and extrusion‐based bioprinting. Interestingly, the cell‐free implants, used as a control in this study, showed abundant cell ingrowth and similar favorable results as the cell‐containing implants. Our findings underscore the hypothesis that mechanical stability is more determining for the successful survival of the implant than the presence of cells and pre‐cultured extracellular matrix. This observation is of great translational importance and highlights the aptness of advanced 3D (bio)fabrication technologies for functional tissue restoration in the harsh articular joint mechanical environment.

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Changes of Ground Reaction Force and Timing Variables in the Course of Habituation of Horses to the Treadmill

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Bit type exerts an influence on self-controlled rein tension in unridden horses

Bit type exerts an influence on self-controlled rein tension in unridden horses

Horse Behavior, Physiology and Emotions during Habituation to a Treadmill

Orthotopic equine study confirms the pivotal importance of structural reinforcement over the pre‐culture of cartilage implants

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