Changes of immune-related factors in the blood of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients receiving monotherapy

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are associated with abnormal expression of immune-related factors (IRFs), which have been proposed as biomarkers of either disease diagnosis (trait markers) or treatment (state markers). However, the state markers have been found to be less reproducible than the trait markers in previous studies. In the current study, we focused on the changes of IRFs in blood of SCZ and BPD patients receiving monotherapy. SCZ (N = 49) and BPD (N = 49) Chinese patients were recruited at acute episode and followed for 9 to 51 days until remission. Blood samples were collected at two state-points, acute state before treatment and remission state after treatment. A total of 41 IRFs in plasma were quantified by the Luminex assay. After adjusting covariates, we found four cytokines or cytokine receptors were significantly increased at remission when compared to acute episode in all the patients, including CD30, BAFF, CCL20, and CXCL10 (Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05). CD30 and BAFF were consistently increased in both SCZ and BPD while the increase of CCL20 was only observed in BPD but not SCZ when analyzing the two disorders separately. CXCL10 change was not significant in either SCZ or BPD alone. The changes of these four factors were correlated with each other, but not with clinical features. CD30 concentration in the BPD acute state was correlated with sleep quality (Spearman’s rs = 0.365, Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05). Overall, we found that four factors (CD30, BAFF, CCL20, and CXCL10) might be associated with treatment of psychosis.

Mitochondria, Mood Lability, And Bone: MtSNPs’ Surprising Relationship To Mental Homeostasis

“…P2X7R Expression [76] Purinergic Cell signaling P2X7R Expression [76] Calcium Regulation rs1006737 (CACNA1C) [62] ER Calcium [112] || [104] Mitochondrial Calcium [112] || [104] Cytoplasmic Calcium [112] || [104] Glial Activation…”

“…GSK-3β functionality (Proinflammatory) [66] Caffeine+ Theobromine+Cat echin (RAW 264.7) [66] Post-Synaptic Markers [74] Grape Seed/Skin Extract | Heart (AChE, Wistar Rats) [90] Calcium Regulation rs1006737 (CACNA1C) [62] CX43 (Astroglia, Astrocytemicroglia cocultures) [72] Mitochondrial Calcium [112] || [104] 8701A/10398A | 8701G/10398G(tr ansmitochondrial cybrids) [112] 8701A/10398A | 8701G/10398G(valproate, transmitochondrial cybrids) [112] ROS (Complex I or III) [100] || [70] Low glucose | High glucose (BMM) [63]. || (KOA mice) [85] || TCAIM (BMDC) [103] || Açai Extract (NO, Microglia) [70] || Grape Seed/Skin Extract | Heart (Lipid Peroxidation, Protein Carbonylation, Tyrosinase activity, Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Wistar Rats) [90] || 8-Iso [111] Cell Injury Oxidative Damage to DNA [110] Lactic Acid Dehydrogen ase [47] IL-1α (Plasma, Male Long-Evans Rats) [51] Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase | Grape Seed/Skin Extract | Heart (Wistar Rats) [90] Fracture Risk Body Mass [47] (female C56BL/6J, w/ovarectomi es) [93] T-Cell Priming…”

“…A findings map can identify intermittent problems quickly because they are all recorded in the same place. (sTNF-R1) Duration | Psychotic Features [48] TCAIM Expression [103] Plasma | Hippocampus (C57BL6/N) [74] || TCAIM Expression [103] IL-1β (After accounting for processing time) [47] mat -IL-1β; intracellular; extracellular | IL-33 | ATP Exposure (Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells) [82] 10ng/ml and 10 μg/ml(BMM) [63] || Plasma (C57BL6/N) [74] (BMM) [ MCP-1 [48] Cytoplasmic Calcium [112] || [104] METP nanoparticles (Male C57BL/6, KOA model) [85] || TCAIM | IL-2 (BMDC) [103] (BMM) [105] Trolox | Cyclosporin A |Dantrolene (Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells)…”

“…Açai Extract (Microglia) [70] Low Glucose (NDUFB8, BMM) [63] Low Glucose (NDUFB8, BMM) [63] ER Calcium [112] || [104] METP nanoparticles (Male C57BL/6, KOA model) [85] (BMM) [105] (Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells) [64] Body Mass [47] (Male Wistar Rats, Maternal Exposure) […”

“…[62] || [110] || [70] (Tfamfl/fl Cd4Cre mice) [71] w/o Dars2 (Cortex, Custom Mice) [94] (BMMs, C57BL/6 mice) [55] ER Calcium [112] || [104] (pH=6. Body Mass [47] (Tfamfl/fl Cd4Cre mice) [71] mtDNA Copy Number [110] (Tfamfl/fl Cd4Cre mice) [71] Cytoplasmic Calcium [112] || [104] (pH=6.4, MG63 Osteoblasts) [83] Misc Apoptosis-Ascociated Factors P2X7R Expression [76] Casp3 | Casp9 | Cytoplasmic Cytochrome C (pH=6.8, Osteoblasts)…”