“…On the contrary, unhealthy foods such as SFAs, n-6 PUFAs, trans-FAs, sugar, red meat, processed meat and food additives decrease the microbial diversity and also beneficial bacteria. These conditions lead to the pathobionts population increase and subsequent development of epithelial inflammation (Jostins et al 2012 ; Wallace et al 2014 ; Cui and Yuan 2018 ; Andreou et al 2020 ; Li et al 2022 ; Liu et al 2022 ). PUFAs poly-unsaturated fatty acids, TH1 T helper 1 or cytotoxic T cells, TH2 T helper 2 cells, Treg regulatory T cells, FAs fatty acids, SFAs saturated fatty acids Fig.…”
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). IBD patients are susceptible to various infections such as viral infections due to the long-term consumption of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics. The antiviral and IBD protective traits of flavonoids have not been entirely investigated. This study objective included an overview of the protective role of flavonoids quercetin and silymarin in viral-associated IBD. Several viral agents such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and enteric viruses can be reactivated and thus develop or exacerbate the IBD conditions or eventually facilitate the disease remission. Flavonoids such as quercetin and silymarin are non-toxic and safe bioactive compounds with remarkable anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of silymarin and quercetin mainly include immune modulation and inhibition of caspase enzymes, viral binding and replication, RNA synthesis, viral proteases and viral assembly. In the nutraceutical sector, natural flavonoids low bioavailability and solubility necessitate the application of delivery systems to enhance their efficacy. This review study provided an updated understanding of the protective role of quercetin and silymarin against viral-associated IBD.
“…On the contrary, unhealthy foods such as SFAs, n-6 PUFAs, trans-FAs, sugar, red meat, processed meat and food additives decrease the microbial diversity and also beneficial bacteria. These conditions lead to the pathobionts population increase and subsequent development of epithelial inflammation (Jostins et al 2012 ; Wallace et al 2014 ; Cui and Yuan 2018 ; Andreou et al 2020 ; Li et al 2022 ; Liu et al 2022 ). PUFAs poly-unsaturated fatty acids, TH1 T helper 1 or cytotoxic T cells, TH2 T helper 2 cells, Treg regulatory T cells, FAs fatty acids, SFAs saturated fatty acids Fig.…”
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). IBD patients are susceptible to various infections such as viral infections due to the long-term consumption of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics. The antiviral and IBD protective traits of flavonoids have not been entirely investigated. This study objective included an overview of the protective role of flavonoids quercetin and silymarin in viral-associated IBD. Several viral agents such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and enteric viruses can be reactivated and thus develop or exacerbate the IBD conditions or eventually facilitate the disease remission. Flavonoids such as quercetin and silymarin are non-toxic and safe bioactive compounds with remarkable anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of silymarin and quercetin mainly include immune modulation and inhibition of caspase enzymes, viral binding and replication, RNA synthesis, viral proteases and viral assembly. In the nutraceutical sector, natural flavonoids low bioavailability and solubility necessitate the application of delivery systems to enhance their efficacy. This review study provided an updated understanding of the protective role of quercetin and silymarin against viral-associated IBD.
“…Trillions of different and complex bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, serving as crucial participants in energy metabolism and exposing the host's vulnerability to various intestinal disorders and diseases. 43 , 44 According to studies on the pathophysiology of IBD, a genetically vulnerable host may produce an inappropriate mucosal immune response to commensal microorganisms. 45 , 46 , 47 Previous studies have shown that antibiotic therapy can potentially prevent or mitigate colitis in multiple mouse models of IBD, which is consistent with the results of this study.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Trillions of different and complex bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, serving as crucial participants in energy metabolism and exposing the host's vulnerability to various intestinal disorders and diseases 43,44 . According to studies on the pathophysiology of IBD, a genetically vulnerable host may produce an inappropriate mucosal immune response to commensal microorganisms 45–47 .…”
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non‐specific chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine. In addition to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors and dysregulated host immunity, the gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), the two primary types of IBD. The P2X4 receptor has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in preventing infection, inflammation, and organ damage. However, it remains unclear whether the P2X4 receptor affects IBD and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods
Colitis was induced in mice administrated with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota in knockout and wild‐type mice. Clinical and histopathological parameters were monitored throughout the disease progression.
Results
Gene Expression Omnibus analysis showed the downregulation of
P2RX4 (P2rx4)
expression in colonic tissues from patients or mice with IBD. However, its expression at the protein levels was upregulated on day 4 or 6 and then downregulated on day 7 in C57BL/6 mice treated with DSS. Gene ablation of
P2rx4
aggravated DSS‐induced colitis accompanying gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Moreover, P2X4 receptor‐positive modulator ivermectin alleviated colitis and corrected dysregulated microbiota in wild‐type C57BL/6 mice. Further antibiotic‐treated gut microbiota depletion, cohousing experiment, and fecal microbiota transplantation proved that gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with the aggravation of colitis in the mouse model initiated by
P2rx4
.
Conclusions
Our findings elaborate on an unrevealed etiopathophysiological mechanism by which microbiota dysbiosis induced by the P2X4 receptor influences the development of colitis, indicating that the P2X4 receptor represents a promising target for treating patients with CD and UC.
“…Additionally, the contribution of gut microbiota alteration in the pathogenesis of IBD is generally accepted [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. PA has been reported to be a significant modifier in preventing and restoring gut dysbiosis [ 42 ]; PA is associated with an increase in microflora diversity, an improvement in the development of commensal bacteria, and a beneficial metabolic function [ 42 , 43 ].…”
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients show a higher risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases due to the presence of systemic low-grade chronic inflammation. Exercise can improve cardiovascular fitness and modulate the inflammatory processes. We evaluated the physical activity (PA) level and the fitness performance of children and adolescents with IBD. Patients and methods: We considered 54 pediatric patients with IBD (14.6 ± 2.2; 22 M), including CD (n = 27) UC (n = 24) and IBD unclassified (n = 3), and 70 healthy children. In all children, the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C) and the International Fitness Enjoyment Scale were self-reported and recorded. Results: PAQ-C showed significant difference in PA levels in patients with IBD compared to controls (
p
< 0.001). A decrease in general fitness (
p
= 0.003), cardiorespiratory fitness (
p
= 0.002), strength (
p
= 0.01), speed agility (
p
= 0.003), and flexibility (
p
= 0.01) were also detected between patients and controls. Speed agility was related to age (
p
= 0.02) and BMI z-score (
p
= 0.01), and flexibility to BMI z-score (
p
= 0.05). We noted a correlation between PA levels and physician global assessment (
p
= 0.021) and activity disease severity (
p
= 0.025). Conclusions: A poorer PA level and poor physical competence were found in patients with IBD compared to healthy children and adolescents. Monitored exercise could provide multiple benefits at both physical and psychological levels.
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