Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Wu, Jiaxin; Chu, Zhaojuan; Ruan, Zheng; Wang, Xiaoyuan; Dai, Tianhong; Hu, Xiaoqing

doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01658

Cited by 54 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Previous studies both in our laboratory and other research groups demonstrated that aBL effectively eradicated a panel of clinical pathogenic microbes, including Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida albicans , MRSA and Neisseria gonorrhea (22‐23,25,29‐30,33‐40). In the present study, we showed that aBL was equally effective in inactivating M. catarrhalis , an otopathogen, both in suspensions and in biofilms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405‐nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media

Liu

Chang

Ferrer‐Espada

et al. 2020

Photochem & Photobiology

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Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major otopathogens of otitis media (OM) in childhood. M. catarrhalis tends to form biofilm, which contributes to the chronicity and recurrence of infections, as well as resistance to antibiotic treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm), an innovative nonpharmacological approach, for the inactivation of M. catarrhalis OM. M. catarrhalis either in planktonic suspensions or 24‐h old biofilms were exposed to aBL at the irradiance of 60 mW cm−2. Under an aBL exposure of 216 J cm−2, a >4‐log10 colony‐forming units (CFU) reduction in planktonic suspensions and a >3‐log10 CFU reduction in biofilms were observed. Both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed aBL‐induced morphological damage in M. catarrhalis. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography results indicated that protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin were the two most abundant species of endogenous photosensitizing porphyrins. No statistically significant reduction in the viability of HaCaT cells was observed after an aBL exposure of up to 216 J cm−2. Collectively, our results suggest that aBL is potentially an effective and safe alternative therapy for OM caused by M. catarrhalis. Further in vivo studies are warranted before this optical approach can be moved to the clinics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405‐nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media

Liu

Chang

Ferrer‐Espada

et al. 2020

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…An increase in blue light-induced membrane permeability was observed across several studies [ 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ], although the precise mechanism is not fully elucidated. A study found that blue light illumination (405 nm) did not affect the lipid membrane of Salmonella spp.—there was an absence of malondialdehyde, which is a product of lipid peroxidation [ 116 ].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Blue Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study found that blue light illumination (405 nm) did not affect the lipid membrane of Salmonella spp.—there was an absence of malondialdehyde, which is a product of lipid peroxidation [ 116 ]. In contrast, two studies demonstrated that blue light inactivation (415 nm) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or C. sakazakii involved lipid peroxidation, as determined by the detection of malondialdehyde and reduction in post-treatment unsaturated fatty acids (C 16:1 in both bacteria, C 20:1 and C 20:4 in MRSA, and C 18:1 and C 18:2 in C. sakazakii ) [ 113 , 115 ]. Further, while one study observed the presence of blue light-induced oxidation of guanine residues in the bacterial DNA of Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Blue Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance

Hadi

Brightwell

2020

Foods

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Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light—for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.

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“…aureus to produce cellular ROS, increasing levels of lipid peroxidation products and killing S. aureus (41). The combined results of the studies show that modulation of lipid peroxidation at the host-pathogen interface is an attractive and exciting new area to investigate for novel therapeutic strategies to combat S.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arachidonic Acid Kills Staphylococcus aureus through a Lipid Peroxidation Mechanism

Beavers

Monteith

Amarnath

et al. 2019

mBio

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Staphylococcus aureus infects every niche of the human host. In response to microbial infection, vertebrates have an arsenal of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial cells. One class of antimicrobial compounds consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly abundant in eukaryotes and encountered by S. aureus at the host-pathogen interface. Arachidonic acid (AA) is one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in vertebrates and is released in large amounts during the oxidative burst. Most of the released AA is converted to bioactive signaling molecules, but, independently of its role in inflammatory signaling, AA is toxic to S. aureus. Here, we report that AA kills S. aureus through a lipid peroxidation mechanism whereby AA is oxidized to reactive electrophiles that modify S. aureus macromolecules, eliciting toxicity. This process is rescued by cotreatment with antioxidants as well as in a S. aureus strain genetically inactivated for lcpA (USA300 ΔlcpA mutant) that produces lower levels of reactive oxygen species. However, resistance to AA stress in the USA300 ΔlcpA mutant comes at a cost, making the mutant more susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics and attenuated for pathogenesis in a murine infection model compared to the parental methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, indicating that resistance to AA toxicity increases susceptibility to other stressors encountered during infection. This report defines the mechanism by which AA is toxic to S. aureus and identifies lipid peroxidation as a pathway that can be modulated for the development of future therapeutics to treat S. aureus infections. IMPORTANCE Despite the ability of the human immune system to generate a plethora of molecules to control Staphylococcus aureus infections, S. aureus is among the pathogens with the greatest impact on human health. One class of host molecules toxic to S. aureus consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we investigated the antibacterial properties of arachidonic acid, one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans, and discovered that the mechanism of toxicity against S. aureus proceeds through lipid peroxidation. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system kills S. aureus, and by which S. aureus avoids host killing, will enable the optimal design of therapeutics that complement the ability of the vertebrate immune response to eliminate S. aureus infections.

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Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405‐nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media

Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405‐nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media

Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance

Arachidonic Acid Kills Staphylococcus aureus through a Lipid Peroxidation Mechanism

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