Changes with Age in the Moisture Content of Human Skin

Potts, Russell O.; Buras, Edmund M.; Chrisman, Dan A.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12259203

Cited by 140 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The r 2 values obtained by linear regression analysis performed with the male and female data grouped together, show that on both the ® nger pad and the cheek, a substantial portion of the variation in hydration can be accounted for by age (p , 0.001). This result is consistent with that of Potts et al, (1984), who showed decreased water content in stratum corneum of the dorsum of male hands with age. On the web and the arm, however, the variation in hydration cannot be accounted for by age.…”

Section: Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of hydration on tactile sensation

Verrillo

Bolanowski

Checkosky

et al. 1998

Somatosensory & Motor Research

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The routine tasks of washing usually necessitates the immersion of parts of the body in water, which causes hydration and changes in the mechanical properties of the superficial layer of skin. To determine how hydration affects tactile sensations, the hydration and skin-surface temperature of glabrous and hairy skin was first measured under normal conditions (air), after submersion in distilled water alone and after submersion in a surfactant-water solution. In these experiments, measurements were made of the time to achieve complete hydration and the recovery time to normal levels. The uptake of water in hairy skin was found to be considerably greater than in glabrous skin, and retention was significantly prolonged by the surfactant additive. Subsequent experiments on glabrous skin, based on the results of the preceding hydration studies, measured in-air and hydrated tactile thresholds and sensation magnitudes to vibratory stimuli and to the roughness of textured surfaces. Vibrotactile detection thresholds were not affected by skin hydration, nor were sensation magnitudes to suprathreshold vibratory stimuli. However, suprathreshold perceptions of roughness were substantially altered by hydration. It is concluded that hydration and the mechanics of the skin play a major role in the perception of spatiotemporal (i.e., textured) surfaces and, thus, must be taken into account in any physiological/psychophysical model based on using such stimuli. This may not be required for models based on predominantly temporal (i.e., vibratory) stimuli.

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Section: Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of hydration on tactile sensation

Verrillo

Bolanowski

Checkosky

et al. 1998

Somatosensory & Motor Research

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“…Similar data have been reported by other investigators. 24) Differential scanning calorimetric studies suggested that the cutaneous water promotes the fluidity of the lipid bilayer and extends the lipid domain among the lipid polar groups. 25) As the stratum In panel (a), R S1 is the resistance of the stratum corneum, C S is the capacitance of the stratum corneum, and R S2 is the resistance of the viable epidermis and dermis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Skin with Age.

Ngawhirunpat¹,

Hatanaka

Katayama

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Skin age is one of the biological factors affecting percutaneous absorption. 1,2) To regulate the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal drug delivery, the difference in skin permeability at various ages is a subject of considerable importance. We previously reported that the permeability through the skin decreases with aging, 3,4) and that the extent of this decrease is higher for lipophilic permeants than for hydrophilic permeants. 4) We clarified that the thickness of skin strata is an important factor for limited percutaneous absorption in aging. However, other physiological changes in the skin with age, e.g., moisture content in the skin, lipid composition, lipid content, dermis thickness, and density of skin appendages, have been also reported. [5][6][7][8] Therefore the age-related differences in the skin barrier function must be further investigated based on physiological alterations in the skin to elucidate the mechanisms of the age dependency of transdermal absorption of drugs.There have been many reports on age-related changes in the transdermal permeation of drugs, 3,4,[6][7][8][9] however, age-related changes in skin permeability have not been fully interpreted because of large interindividual variance and the limited number of model permeants. Recently, it was reported that impedance parameters can sensitively reflect the properties of skin permeation pathways. [10][11][12] The impedance technique enables us to determine rapidly changes in skin physical properties, and one measurement provides information on pathways for both hydrophilic and lipophilic permeants. Therefore skin impedance analysis may be a useful method to elucidate the skin barrier function at different ages.In the present study, we attempted to apply impedance analysis to investigate age-dependent changes in permeation pathways of rat skin. In vitro skin impedance data of rats at various ages were compared. Physiological characteristics of the skin, e.g., the water and lipid content of the stratum corneum and the thickness of the skin strata, were also evaluated. Finally, we demonstrated the age dependency of relations between these electrical and physiological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS AnimalsMale STD: Wistar rats at the age of 5, 10, 21, 90, and 180 d (Japan SLC Inc., Hamamatsu, Japan) were used. Rats were fed commercial food pellets and tap water ad libitum. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a round section of the abdominal skin was excised, and then the subcutaneous fat and other extraneous tissue were trimmed off carefully. The skin sample was immediately used in the following skin impedance experiments.Skin Impedance Measurement and Analysis A sideby-side, two-chamber electrochemical cell with four electrodes, two for supplying current and two for recording signals, was designed according to the procedure of Burnett and Bagniefski.11) The rat skin was mounted in an O-ring seal between the two chambers, each having 23 ml volume and 1 cm 2 exposed area. The current-supplying electrode consisted of 0....

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“…Such a selection was made in order to avoid interidividual variability as much as possible [6, 8, 10, 12]. Shear wave propagation is assumed to be influenced by the intrinsic skin tensile strength related to the density, elasticity and viscosity of the tissues [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we used a prototype device measuring the speed of propagation of an acoustic wave at the skin surface [6]. The shear wave propagation is inversely proportional to the stiffness and density of the tissues [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. It should be theoretically influenced by the preferential orientation of the dermal fibre networks and therefore indicate the direction of tension lines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Body Posture and Gravitational Forces on Shear Wave Propagation in the Skin

Nizet¹,

Piérard-Franchimont

Pierard

2001

Dermatology

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The body posture and gravitational forces govern in part the intrinsic skin tensile strength because they influence the orientation of the dermal fibre networks. Our objective was to assess changes in shear wave propagation in the skin according to the body posture and orientation of the gravitational forces. The study was performed in 30 middle-aged women with a normal body mass index. The Reviscometer^® was used to assess the mechanical wave propagation on the volar forearm in extension or flexion. Similar measurements were made on the supra-areolar region of the breast when the trunk was in the horizontal or vertical position. Four measurements were made in each of 4 directions at given angles with regard to the body axis. The device gave reproducible data. Shear wave propagation was influenced by the body posture. The intra-individual variability in shear wave velocity according to the directions of measurements increased when the tissues were in a relaxed position. Skin tensile anisotropy increased in a relaxed body posture. Shear wave propagation may be a convenient non-invasive tool to better identify the natural skin tension lines in the skin, thus refining the orientation of incision during cutaneous surgery.

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Changes with Age in the Moisture Content of Human Skin

Cited by 140 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of hydration on tactile sensation

Effects of hydration on tactile sensation

Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Skin with Age.

Influence of Body Posture and Gravitational Forces on Shear Wave Propagation in the Skin

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