Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools

Paluck, Elizabeth Levy; Shepherd, Hana; Aronow, Peter M.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113

Cited by 496 publications

(434 citation statements)

References 49 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

409

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It might be the case that exposure to the continuum of science interest across diverse groups within their schools, or among youth their age, could reduce these stereotypes [103]. Social networks within schools can be harnessed to create culture change [104], and there are powerful school level forces at work that may simultaneously influence gender norms and science aspirations for girls and boys [105]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Scientist’s Dilemma: How the Masculine Framing of Science Shapes Friendships and Science Job Aspirations

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the United States, girls and boys have similar science achievement, yet fewer girls aspire to science careers than boys. This paradox emerges in middle school, when peers begin to play a stronger role in shaping adolescent identities. We use complete network data from a single middle school and theories of gender, identity, and social distance to explore how friendship patterns might influence this gender and science paradox. Three patterns highlight the social dimensions of gendered science persistence: (1) boys and girls do not differ in self-perceived science potential and science career aspirations; (2) consistent with gender-based norms, both middle school boys and girls report that the majority of their female friends are not science kinds of people; and (3) youth with gender-inconsistent science aspirations are more likely to be friends with each other than youth with gender normative science aspirations. Together, this evidence suggests that friendship dynamics contribute to gendered patterns in science career aspirations.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Scientist’s Dilemma: How the Masculine Framing of Science Shapes Friendships and Science Job Aspirations

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Second, much of the research on the appraisal of outliers by observers defines outliers in relation to social norms (Bellezza et al, 2014;van Kleef, et al 2011;Marques et al, 1988). Third, though research has recognized that social norms exert a powerful force on individual behavior (Miller & Prentice, 2016;Paluck, Shepherd & Aronow, 2016), little research examines how individuals infer a group's social norm from the distribution of its members' behavior (Tankard & Paluck, 2016). By adopting this focus on social norm perception, we hope to offer insight into the cognitive processes that underlie social norm perception in small groups or teams.…”

Section: Social Norm Perception In Groups With Outliersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Norm Perception in Groups with Outliers

Dannals¹,

Miller²

2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Social outliers draw a lot of attention from those inside and outside their group and yet little is known about their impact on perceptions of their group as a whole. The present studies examine how outliers influence observers' summary perceptions of a group's behavior and inferences about the group's descriptive and prescriptive norms. Across four studies (N = 1739) we examine how observers perceive descriptive and prescriptive social norms in groups containing outliers of varying degrees. We find consistent evidence that observers overweight outlying behavior when judging the descriptive and prescriptive norms, but overweight outliers less as they become more extreme, especially in perceptions of the prescriptive norm. We find this pattern across norms pertaining to punctuality (Studies 1-2, 4) and clothing formality (Study 3) and for outliers who are both prescriptively and descriptively deviant (e.g. late arrivers), as well as for outliers who are only descriptive deviants (e.g. early arrivers). We further demonstrate that observers' perceptions of the group shift in the direction of moderate outliers.

show abstract

“…For decades, researchers across the social and natural sciences have investigated what makes individuals choose to engage in cooperation despite the personal costs involved (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley, & Birch, 1981; R. Campbell & Sowden, 1985; Chakroff & Young, 2014; Chudek & Henrich, 2011; Cushman & Macindoe, 2009; Galinsky & Schweitzer, 2015; Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom, 2007; Kiyonari, Tanida, & Yamagishi, 2000; Kraft-Todd, Yoeli, Bhanot, & Rand, 2015; Paluck, Shepherd, & Aronow, 2016; Raihani, Thornton, & Bshary, 2012; Rand & Nowak, 2013; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990; Van Lange, De Bruin, Otten, & Joireman, 1997). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From good institutions to generous citizens: Top-down incentives to cooperate promote subsequent prosociality but not norm enforcement

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

What makes people willing to pay costs to help others, and to punish others’ selfishness? Why does the extent of such behaviors vary markedly across cultures? To shed light on these questions, we explore the role of formal institutions in shaping individuals’ prosociality and punishment. In Study 1 (N=707), American participants who reported living under higher quality cooperation-enforcing institutions (police and courts) gave significantly more in a Dictator Game (DG), but did not punish significantly more in a Third-Party Punishment Game (TPPG). In Study 1R (N=1,705), we replicated the positive relationship between reported institutional quality and DG giving observed in Study 1. In Study 2 (N=516), we experimentally manipulated institutional quality in a repeated Public Goods Game with a centralized punishment institution. Consistent with the correlational results of Study 1 and 1R, we found that centralized punishment led to significantly more prosociality in a subsequent DG compared to a no-punishment control, but had no significant direct effect on subsequent TPPG punishment (only an indirect effect via increased DG giving). Thus we present convergent evidence that the quality of institutions one is exposed to “spills over” to subsequent prosociality but not punishment. These findings support a theory of social heuristics, suggest boundary conditions on spillover effects of cooperation, and demonstrate the power of effective institutions for instilling habits of virtue and creating cultures of cooperation.

show abstract

Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools

Cited by 496 publications

References 49 publications

The Potential Scientist’s Dilemma: How the Masculine Framing of Science Shapes Friendships and Science Job Aspirations

The Potential Scientist’s Dilemma: How the Masculine Framing of Science Shapes Friendships and Science Job Aspirations

Social Norm Perception in Groups with Outliers

From good institutions to generous citizens: Top-down incentives to cooperate promote subsequent prosociality but not norm enforcement

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About