Gender violence is a global human rights issue that presents serious risk to women in Pakistan. Multiple factors make leaving violence extremely challenging. This study examines the experiences of women who escaped violence and sought shelter services in Pakistan through an ecological lens within the social, cultural, and legal realities of Pakistan. Nineteen women residing at a private shelter were interviewed. Explored were the processes leading women to take action against violence, barriers encountered, and the consequences of the decision to go to a shelter, with a focus on the women's strengths and resilience.
Keywordsgender violence, Pakistan, shelters, women's rights Violence against women, a global human rights violation and public health concern, is widespread in all countries, irrespective of social, economic, religious, or cultural group (Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, & Watts, 2005). It has a profound effect on women and girls everywhere as it erodes their basic rights to life, health, and security. For more than three decades, women's organizations have drawn attention to this issue and have developed a variety of strategies to delimit gender violence. Nevertheless, violence continues as a serious social problem. No nation has successfully eradicated it, although the incidence and types of violence, and remedies available to women differ across contexts. Women's organizations in Pakistan are working within their particular social and cultural context to address this pervasive problem.
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438Violence Against Women 18(4) Heise (1998) proposed an ecological framework for understanding and assessing the likelihood of gender violence applicable in developing as well as developed nations. This framework outlines structural, societal, and individual level elements in the context of cultural, economic, legal, and political systems of a nation (Khan & Hussein, 2008; Krug, Dalhberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002). Violence is a product of the interaction of all of these factors and, conversely, within these domains exist factors that protect women or put them at greater risk of violence.High profile cases of violence against women in Pakistan have been prominent in international media reports with occasional reports of exceptional women who have stood up to violence (Kristoff, 2005). The media focuses largely on the continual victimization of women with overly simplistic explanations of their plight. Minimal attention is paid to the complex forces within the family, community, and society that shape violence and women's responses to it. Importantly, voices of everyday women who claim the right to live free of violence are rarely heard because few studies have included interviews with women who have left abusive situations in Pakistan.This study examines the experiences of women who have taken steps to leave abusive situations and seek shelter services in Pakistan. These interviews reveal decision-making processes through an ecological lens within the cultural, economic, legal, and politic...