Changing Dietary Habits in Veneto Region over Two Decades: Still a Long Road to Go to Reach an Iodine-Sufficient Status

Censi, Simona; Manso, Jacopo; Barollo, Susi; Mondin, Alberto; Bertazza, Loris; Marchi, Massimo De; Mian, Caterina; Services, on behalf ofthe Food and Nutrition Hygiene

doi:10.3390/nu12082399

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Apparently, the proportion of UIC values <50 µg/L was 23% for women, which is above the recommendation that no more than 20% of the participants should be below 50 µg/L. Even when adjusted for the potential dilution effect from large urine volumes of about 1.8 L in women to the normalized mean volume of 1.5 L, the median UIC (76 µg/L) is still below the current WHO criteria [33].…”

Section: Iodine Intake As Compared With Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Iodine Intake in Norwegian Women and Men: The Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ensuring sufficient iodine intake is a public health priority, but we lack knowledge about the status of iodine in a nationally representative population in Norway. We aimed to assess the current iodine status and intake in a Norwegian adult population. In the population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016, 493 women and men aged 40–69 years collected 24-h urine samples and 450 participants also completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The 24-h urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was analyzed using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction on microplates followed by colorimetric measurement. Iodine intake was estimated from the FFQ using a food and nutrient calculation system at the University of Oslo. The mean urine volume in 24 h was 1.74 L. The median daily iodine intake estimated (UIE) from 24-h UIC was 159 µg/day (133 and 174 µg/day in women and men). The median daily iodine intake estimated from FFQ was 281 µg/day (263 and 318 µg/day in women and men, respectively). Iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIC and FFQ were moderately correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The consumption of milk and milk products, fish and fish products, and eggs were positively associated with estimated iodine intake from FFQ. In conclusion, this shows that iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIC describes a mildly iodine deficient female population, while the male population is iodine sufficient. Concurrent use of an extensive FFQ describes both sexes as iodine sufficient. Further studies, applying a dietary assessment method validated for estimating iodine intake and repeated individual urine collections, are required to determine the habitual iodine intake in this population.

show abstract

Section: Iodine Intake As Compared With Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Iodine Intake in Norwegian Women and Men: The Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The iodine status in Italy has also been investigated, using spot urine sampling, in some recent local studies relative to a few Italian regions. For example, in Veneto, a region in the north-east of Italy, a study carried out in 2018 and 2019 within the OSNAMI survey, on 747 school-age children with an average age of 13 years showed that in the entire cohort the median UIC was 111 µg/L (thus, within the range of adequacy set by WHO), yet 26% of the participants had a UIC below 50 µg/L [ 24 ]. The UIC was significantly higher among the iodized salt users than among non-users (117 versus 90 µg/L) as well as among regular consumers of cow’s milk compared with occasional consumers (132 vs. 96 µg/L): these results suggest that only the combined regular intake of cow’s milk and use of iodized salt allowed an adequate iodine status [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in Veneto, a region in the north-east of Italy, a study carried out in 2018 and 2019 within the OSNAMI survey, on 747 school-age children with an average age of 13 years showed that in the entire cohort the median UIC was 111 µg/L (thus, within the range of adequacy set by WHO), yet 26% of the participants had a UIC below 50 µg/L [ 24 ]. The UIC was significantly higher among the iodized salt users than among non-users (117 versus 90 µg/L) as well as among regular consumers of cow’s milk compared with occasional consumers (132 vs. 96 µg/L): these results suggest that only the combined regular intake of cow’s milk and use of iodized salt allowed an adequate iodine status [ 24 ]. In Liguria, a region of north-west Italy, the median UIC values detected in adult subjects during the periods 2009–2013 and 2014–2018 were, respectively, 105 and 98 µg/L, indicating only a marginal iodine sufficiency in this region fourteen years after the enactment of law 55/2005 [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Intake Estimated by 24 h Urine Collection in the Italian Adult Population: 2008–2012 Survey

Iacone¹,

Idelson²,

Formisano³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Monitoring the population iodine status is essential for iodine deficiency eradication. This study assessed the average dietary iodine intake and the iodine status of a random sample of the Italian general adult population. The study population included 2378 adults aged 35–79 years (1229 men and 1149 women) from all 20 Italian regions, participating in the Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare/Health Examination Survey 2008–2012 (OEC/HES), and were examined for iodine intake in the framework of the MINISAL-GIRCSI Programme. Dietary iodine intake was assessed by the measurement of 24 h urinary iodine excretion. The median daily iodine intake of the whole population was lower (96 µg/d, interquartile range 51–165) than the daily adequate iodine intake according to both EFSA and WHO recommendation (150 µg/d), with a significantly lower value among women (85 µg/d) compared with men (111 µg/d). Iodine intake diminished with age and increased with BMI (body mass index) in male but not in female participants, without achieving the adequate intake in any sex, age, or BMI category. In this random sample of Italian general adult population examined in 2008–2012, iodine intake still remained lower than the recommended values despite the implementation of a strategy of iodoprophylaxis based on salt iodization in 2005. These data represent a valuable reference for future monitoring of iodine status in our country.

show abstract

“…Of note, iodine excess can be also found, mostly due to high iodine content in tap water [48][49][50][51]. In many countries (Continental Europe, the UK and the US), the primary sources of iodine are dairy products and fortified table salt [52][53][54][55][56][57]. Elsewhere, especially in the Middle East, dietary iodine mainly comes from fortified flour and salt [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sodium restriction on iodine prophylaxis: a review

Nista

Bagnasco

Gatto

et al. 2022

J Endocrinol Invest

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose Sodium is essential to life. However, its dietary excess is detrimental to the cardiovascular system, and sodium restriction is a crucial step in cardiovascular prevention. Iodine deficiency has been fought worldwide for decades, and substantial success has been achieved introducing the use of iodine-enriched salt. Nevertheless, areas of iodine deficiency persist around the world, both in developing and industrialized countries, and a major concern affecting dietary sodium reduction programs is represented by a possible iodine intake deficiency. There are substantial differences in the source of alimentary iodine among countries, such as iodized salt added, household tap water, seafood, or salt employed in packaged food. It is clear that a sodium-restricted diet can induce differences in terms of iodine intake, depending on the country considered. Moreover, iodine status has undergone relevant changes in many countries in the last years. Methods Systematic review of literature evidence about the possible effects of sodium restriction on population iodine status. Results To date, the available results are conflicting, depending on country, salt iodization policy, as well as time frame of data collection. However, to ensure an optimal iodine supply by salt fortification, without exceeding the current recommendation by World Health Organization for salt intake, seems to be an achievable goal. Conclusion A balanced approach may be obtained by an adequate iodine concentration in fortified salt and by promoting the availability of iodized salt for household consumption and food industry use. In this scenario, updated prospective studies are strongly needed.

show abstract

Changing Dietary Habits in Veneto Region over Two Decades: Still a Long Road to Go to Reach an Iodine-Sufficient Status

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Iodine Intake in Norwegian Women and Men: The Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Iodine Intake in Norwegian Women and Men: The Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Iodine Intake Estimated by 24 h Urine Collection in the Italian Adult Population: 2008–2012 Survey

The effect of sodium restriction on iodine prophylaxis: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About