Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Denmark From 1971 Through 2000

Frederiksen, Mikael; Espersen, Frank; Frimodt‐Møller, Niels; Jensen, Allan; Larsen, Anders Rhod; Pallesen, Lars; Skov, Robert; Westh, Henrik; Skinhøj, Peter; Benfield, Thomas

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000261112.53035.4c

Cited by 65 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In one of the largest prospective cohort studies to date that included children, the mortality rate was the lowest for individuals aged between 10 and 19 years (296). Although rates tend to be higher in children aged between 0 and 9 years, this probably reflects mortality in neonates rather than children older than 1 year of age, with mortality being 10-to 17-fold higher in Ͻ1-year-olds than in older children (71).…”

Section: Role Of Infectious Disease Consultationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictors of Mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is an important infection with an incidence rate ranging from 20 to 50 cases/100,000 population per year. Between 10% and 30% of these patients will die from SAB. Comparatively, this accounts for a greater number of deaths than for AIDS, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis combined. Multiple factors influence outcomes for SAB patients. The most consistent predictor of mortality is age, with older patients being twice as likely to die. Except for the presence of comorbidities, the impacts of other host factors, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and immune status, are unclear. Pathogen-host interactions, especially the presence of shock and the source of SAB, are strong predictors of outcomes. Although antibiotic resistance may be associated with increased mortality, questions remain as to whether this reflects pathogen-specific factors or poorer responses to antibiotic therapy, namely, vancomycin. Optimal management relies on starting appropriate antibiotics in a timely fashion, resulting in improved outcomes for certain patient subgroups. The roles of surgery and infectious disease consultations require further study. Although the rate of mortality from SAB is declining, it remains high. Future international collaborative studies are required to tease out the relative contributions of various factors to mortality, which would enable the optimization of SAB management and patient outcomes.

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Section: Role Of Infectious Disease Consultationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of SAB increases with advancing age, with the lowest rates observed in pediatric populations, at approximately 8.4/100,000 population per year (71). Similarly, younger adults have lower incidence rates than older adults (14,160).…”

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confidence: 99%

Predictors of Mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

et al. 2012

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“…The infrequent vancomycin dosing strategy often used among hemodialysis-dependent patients may not maintain an adequate trough level in high-flux, large-poresize artificial kidneys (46)(47)(48), increasing the risk for relapsing SAB. Table 1 summarizes the incidences of SAB from the abovementioned studies and other studies (49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. It is a leading cause of bacteremia and infective endocarditis as well as osteoarticular, skin and soft tissue, pleuropulmonary, and device-related infections. This review comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of each of these clinical entities. The past 2 decades have witnessed two clear shifts in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections: first, a growing number of health care-associated infections, particularly seen in infective endocarditis and prosthetic device infections, and second, an epidemic of community-associated skin and soft tissue infections driven by strains with certain virulence factors and resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In reviewing the literature to support management strategies for these clinical manifestations, we also highlight the paucity of high-quality evidence for many key clinical questions.

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“…As in adults, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is associated with high risks of death and embolic complications in children (1)(2)(3). Timely removal of central venous catheters (1) and expedited initiation of optimized antibiotic therapy (e.g., nafcillin, oxacillin, or cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] bacteremia) have been associated with reductions in treatment failures and hospital costs (4)(5)(6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid Detection of Gram-Positive Organisms by Use of the Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture Nucleic Acid Test and the BacT/Alert Pediatric FAN System in a Multicenter Pediatric Evaluation

et al. 2013

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Assays that expedite the reporting of organism identification and antibiotic susceptibility status in positive blood cultures can fast track interventions that improve clinical outcomes. We evaluated the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture nucleic acid test (BC-GP) in two pediatric hospitals. Positive BacT/Alert Pediatric FAN blood cultures with Gram-positive organisms were tested using the BC-GP in tandem with routine laboratory procedures. To test organisms underrepresented in the clinical blood culture evaluation, blood culture bottles were spiked with diluted organism suspensions at concentrations of 10 to 100 CFU per milliliter. A total of 249 Gram-positive bacterial isolates were recovered from 242 blood cultures. The BC-GP detected Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with sensitivities of 100%, 99%, and 100% and specificities of 100%, 100%, and 99.5%, respectively. The BC-GP detected Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis, and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis with sensitivities of 95%, 80%, and 96%, respectively, and 100% specificity. The BC-GP correctly identified 14/15 cases of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteremia and 9 cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae. It misidentified 5/15 clinical blood cultures with Streptococcus mitis/Streptococcus oralis and 1/3 blood cultures spiked with Streptococcus anginosus group as S. pneumoniae. The BC-GP detected a case of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteremia but failed to detect 2/3 clinical blood cultures with Streptococcus agalactiae. BC-GP's rapid accurate detection of Staphylococcus spp., E. faecium, and E. faecalis and its ability to ascertain mecA, vanA, and vanB status may expedite clinical decisions pertaining to optimal antibiotic use. False-positive S. pneumoniae results may warrant reporting of only "Streptococcus spp." when this organism is reported by the BC-GP.

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Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Denmark From 1971 Through 2000

Abstract: Mortality rates associated with SAB decreased significantly in the past 3 decades, possibly because of new and improved treatment modalities. However, incidence rates have increased significantly in the same period, underscoring that S. aureus remains an important invasive pathogen.

Cited by 65 publications

References 34 publications

Predictors of Mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Predictors of Mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management

Rapid Detection of Gram-Positive Organisms by Use of the Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture Nucleic Acid Test and the BacT/Alert Pediatric FAN System in a Multicenter Pediatric Evaluation

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