Changing Implicit and Explicit Prejudice

Abstract

Although overt prejudice has declined in many societies over the past decades, new advancements in intergroup relations research have uncovered various kinds of subtle biases that continue to prevail despite increases in egalitarian values. Understanding the processes that may produce inconsistencies between spontaneous affective responses and self-reported explicit evaluations can provide deeper insights into conceptually different forms of prejudice, including both overt and subtle variants. In the present article, research on prejudice reduction is reviewed from the perspective of the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, which considers evaluations through the processes of associative activation and propositional validation. The APE model’s potential for integrating different conceptualizations of overt and subtle prejudice and the application of the model to prejudice reduction are discussed.

Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

“…the sleeper effect and interventions which elicit downstream exposure to external sources of attitude change; Frey & Rogers, 2014;Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949;Pratkanis, Greenwald, Leippe, & Baumgardner, 1988). Also, these interventions represent a wide range of the published literature on bias-reduction techniques (see reviews by Blair, 2002;Dasgupta, 2013;Lai et al, 2013;Sritharan & Gawronski, 2010). However, new approaches which have been published since RIRP:I might yield stronger evidence for long-term effectiveness (e.g., Maister, Slater, Sanchez-Vives, & Tsakiris, 2015;Hu, Antony, Creery, Vargas, Bodenhausen, & Paller, 2015).…”

The rational patient and beyond: Implications for treatment adherence in people with psychiatric disabilities.

“…There are practice-oriented clinical approaches (POCAs) that seem to improve largely automated, everyday health behaviors (Sritharan & Gawronski, 2010). An intervention among older adults to impact blood glucose monitoring successfully used detailed implementation plans including imagination techniques in order to enhance adherence during largely automated daily routines of participants (Liu & Park, 2004).…”

“…Another study involved approach- and avoidance-reactions with a computer joystick to alcohol-related stimuli; participants learned avoidance- and unlearned approach-behaviors which in turn predicted subsequent alcohol consumption (Wiers, Rinck, Kordts, Houben, & Strack, 2010). Although implicit reactions may be improved by evaluative conditioning, investigators caution that such interventions are only effective when also targeting explicit attitudes (Sritharan & Gawronski 2010). The same is likely to apply to interventions meant to impact health and rehabilitation decisions.…”

Attitudes Formation by Small but Meaningful Personal Information

“…An associative process involves the activation of evaluative associations in reaction to a stimulus, which induces an individual's automatic affective response (implicit attitude). In a propositional process, person validates the evaluation through propositional reasoning (explicit attitude) 4. In this APE framework, implicit and explicit attitudes are learned and change in different ways 4.…”

“…In a propositional process, person validates the evaluation through propositional reasoning (explicit attitude) 4. In this APE framework, implicit and explicit attitudes are learned and change in different ways 4. Implicit attitude is affected by repeated pairings of positive or negative stimuli with an object, and is similar to classical conditioning 5.…”