Changing Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections

Jessen, O; Rosendal, Kirsten; Bülow, Per; Faber, Viggo; Eriksen, Knud Riewerts

doi:10.1056/nejm196909182811201

Cited by 241 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Data from the records of the Danish Health Board indicate that the years of introduction of these antimicrobial agents were 1945͞46 (P), 1948 (S), 1950 (T), 1953 (E), and 1960 (M) (8). The accumulation of multidrug-resistance traits in MRSA strains has remained the hallmark of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus throughout much of the subsequent history of this bacterial pathogen, most likely as the consequence of the preferential use of new antimicrobial agents against bacteria that were already resistant to all previously used therapeutic agents, thus presenting a scenario of built-in obsolescence for new antimicrobial agents (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

Crisóstomo

Westh

Tomasz

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

278

200

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The key genetic component of methicillin resistance, the mecA determinant, is not native to Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the evolution of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) must have begun with the acquisition of the mecA determinant from an unknown heterologous source some time before the first reported appearance of MRSA isolates in clinical specimens in the U.K. and Denmark (in the early 1960s). We compared the genetic backgrounds and phenotypes of a group of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates to the properties of MRSA strains isolated in Denmark and the U.K. during the same time period, and also to the genetic profiles of contemporary epidemic clones of MRSA. All early MRSA isolates resembled a large group of the early MSSA blood isolates in phenotypic and genetic properties, including phage group, antibiotype (resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern, and spaA type and multilocus sequence type, strongly suggesting that the early MSSA examined here represented the progeny of a strain that served as one of the first S. aureus recipients of the methicillinresistance determinant in Europe. The genetic background of this group of early MSSA isolates was also very similar to that of the widely disseminated contemporary ''Iberian clone'' of MRSA, suggesting that genetic determinants present in early MSSA and essential for some aspects of the epidemicity and͞or virulence of these strains may have been retained by this highly successful contemporary MRSA lineage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

Crisóstomo

Westh

Tomasz

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

278

200

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“…The morbidity and mortality of endovascular staphylococcal infections remains significant despite the availability of effective antimicrobial agents (1)(2)(3)(4). The basis for this invasive potential is not clearly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human endothelial cell membrane protein that binds Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

Tompkins¹,

Hatcher²,

Patel³

et al. 1990

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Till the early 1950s, penicillinase (β lactamase enzyme) producing S. aureus strains were universally present in hospitals, whereas community isolates continued to depict susceptibility. Then, a study conducted during [1957][1958][1959][1960][1961][1962][1963][1964][1965][1966] in Copenhagen showed that 85% -90% of hospital strains and 65% -70% of community strains were resistant to penicillin, demonstrating that resistance was an increasingly alarming phenomenon and a much more prevalent conundrum than what had been originally anticipated [3]. Methicillin, a semi-synthetic derivative of benzyl penicillin was then used as a therapeutic agent in 1959 and 1960.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Three β Lactamase Test Methods in <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus Isolated from Two Nepalese Hospitals

Shrestha¹,

Suman²

2014

OJCD

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Background: β lactamase is a plasmid-encoded enzyme that hydrolyzes β lactam ring of β lactam antibiotics rendering them ineffective. These enzymes, produced by Staphylococcus aureus along with many other organisms, have hindered the use of many useful and once life-saving β lactam antibiotics from clinical practice. Methods: This study was aimed to compare three test methodschromogenic, acidimetric and iodometric-for the detection of β lactamase enzyme produced by 404 nosocomial induced S. aureus isolated from two Nepali hospitals, Kathmandu based hospital (KBH) and Lalitpur based Hospital (LBH). The study was carried out following standard methodology during November 2007 to June 2009 in the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal. Sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of the tests were calculated taking penicillin resistance and sensitivity as the standard. Results: Chromogenic method was found to be the most sensitive (98.93%) and efficient (98.51%) test and had a high positive predictive value (99.46%). Sensitivity (98.4%) and efficiency (98.27%) of iodometric method was found to be comparable to chromogenic test; its specificity (96.55 %) and positive predictive value (99.73%) were the highest among the 3 tests. Acidimetric test was the least sensitive (97.33%) and efficient (96.78%). Of note, the sensitivity and specificity of these test methods have been compromised due to the negativity of few penicillin resistant isolates and positivity of some penicillin sensitive isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Chromogenic method was found comparatively to be the best test method for the detection of β lactamase production. However, in contrast to the other two test methods whose reagents can be locally and economically prepared, chromogenic test's use has been impeded by its cost and unavailability in the local Nepali market.

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Changing Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections

Cited by 241 publications

References 25 publications

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

A human endothelial cell membrane protein that binds Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

Comparative Study of Three β Lactamase Test Methods in <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus Isolated from Two Nepalese Hospitals

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Changing Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections

Cited by 241 publications

References 25 publications

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus : Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones

A human endothelial cell membrane protein that binds Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

Comparative Study of Three β Lactamase Test Methods in &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&lt;/i&gt; aureus Isolated from Two Nepalese Hospitals

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Comparative Study of Three β Lactamase Test Methods in <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus Isolated from Two Nepalese Hospitals