Changing visual responsiveness in pregnant and larvipositing tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans

Abdelkarim, E. I.; Brady, John

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1984.tb00690.x

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Adult tsetse flies ( Glossina spp, Diptera: Glossinidae) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa and, as such, have been the object of intense study since the early 20 th century and the source of an extensive literature on their field biology. Our knowledge of the (briefly free-living) larval and pupal stages is, by contrast, limited mainly to laboratory studies [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in tsetse[ 8 ], showed that they have a very unusual reproductive system, termed adenotrophic viviparity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Warthog Burrows Used to Sample Adult and Immature Tsetse (Glossina spp) in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe

Hargrove

Muzari

2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundThe biology of adult tsetse (Glossina spp), vectors of trypanosomiasis in Africa, has been extensively studied – but little is known about larviposition in the field.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn September-November 1998, in the hot-dry season in Zimbabwe’s Zambezi Valley, we used artificial warthog burrows to capture adult females as they deposited larvae. Females were subjected to ovarian dissection and were defined as perinatal flies, assumed to have entered burrows to larviposit, if oocyte sizes indicated >95% pregnancy completion. Perinatal flies were defined as full-term pregnant if there was a late third instar larva in utero, or postpartum if the uterus was empty. All other females were defined as pre-full-term pregnant (pre-FT). Of 845 G. m. morsitans captured, 91% (765) were female and 295/724 (41%) of females dissected were perinatal flies. By contrast, of 2805 G. pallidipes captured only 71% (2003) were female and only 33% (596/1825) of females were perinatal. Among all perinatal females 67% (596/891) were G. pallidipes. Conversely, in burrows not fitted with traps – such that flies were free to come and go – 1834 (59%) of pupae deposited were G. m. morsitans and only 1297 (41%) were G. pallidipes. Thus, while more full-term pregnant G. pallidipes enter burrows, greater proportions of G. m. morsitans larviposit in them, reflecting a greater discrimination among G. pallidipes in choosing larviposition sites. Catches of males and pre-FT females increased strongly with temperatures above 32°C, indicating that these flies used burrows as refuges from high ambient temperatures. Conversely, catches of perinatal females changed little with maximum temperature but declined from late September through November: females may anticipate that burrows will be inundated during the forthcoming wet season. Ovarian age distributions of perinatal and pre-FT females were similar, consistent with all ages of females larvipositing in burrows with similar probability.Conclusions/SignificanceArtificial warthog burrows provide a novel method for collecting tsetse pupae, studying tsetse behaviour at larviposition, assessing the physiological status of female tsetse and their larvae, and of improving understanding of the physiological dynamics of terminal pregnancy, and population dynamics generally, with a view to improving methods of trypanosomiasis control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Warthog Burrows Used to Sample Adult and Immature Tsetse (Glossina spp) in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe

Hargrove

Muzari

2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Pregnancy is an energetically demanding period and conservation of energy can be important. One way to achieve this is by reducing locomotor activity, a strategy observed throughout many major lineages of viviparous animals and all locomotor modes, including insects [123][124][125][126][127][128], snakes [129,130], bats [131,132] and primates [133][134][135]. A reduction in activity is also reflected in smaller home ranges, e.g.…”

Section: E Reduced Activity and Torpormentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive adaptations to reduce locomotor costs in viviparous fish (Poeciliidae)

Leeuwen¹,

Pollux²,

Fleuren³

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Historically, research on non-mammalian viviparity has suffered from anthropocentric views on reproduction, considering human (and mammalian) reproduction to be unique: live-bearing reproduction in non-mammalian species was considered a 'simple pattern' in which fertilized eggs developed and hatched inside the female [17,18]. Animals that lack 'true placentas', Figure 1-1. (next page) Phylogeny of the Poeciliidae indicating the level of matrotrophy and the presence of superfetation. Names depicted in bold indicate species used in this thesis. Boxes at the terminal ends indicate the presence (grey) or absence (white) of superfetation. Branch colour indicates a maximum likelihood reconstruction of maternal provisioning for natural log-transformed matrotrophy indices (MI), lnMI. Arrow indicates an MI of 1. The single egg-layer in the Poeciliidae family, Tomeurus gracilis, was excluded from this analysis. Adapted with permission from [67]. Figure 1-2. Overview of matrotrophy. A: Detail of an ovary of Phalloptychus januarius displaying matrotrophy. Arrowhead: maternal blood supply to a late-stage embryo. B: Frequency distribution of different levels of matrotrophy in Poeciliidae. Adapted from [28]. Inset: schematic overview of early-and late-stage embryos in lecithotrophic and matrotrophic species. C: The locomotor costs hypothesis predicts that the smaller oocytes at fertilization in matrotrophic fishes (B, inset) lead to a lower reproductive burden throughout pregnancy; the difference between the lecithotrophic and matrotrophic mode diminishes as pregnancy progresses.

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Semiochemicals from anal exudate of larvae of tsetse fliesGlossina morsitans morsitans Westwood andG. morsitans centralis Machado attract gravid females

Leonard

Saini

1993

J Chem Ecol

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Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae:Glossina) mature their offspring in utero, giving birth to mature larvae that burrow into soil and pupariate. During the hot dry seasons, puparia of some species of tsetse are aggregated in areas of deep shade in dense thickets. We have confirmed the presence of a semiochemical from the prepupariation excretions of larvae ofGlossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and report a similar semiochemical inGlossina morsitans centralis Machado. These semiochemicals are attractive to gravid females and result in the aggregation of puparia. Behavioral studies withG. m. centralis showed that a higher percentage of females larviposited over moist sand conditioned by the anal exudate of larvae. Electroantennogram analyses of extracts of sand conditioned byG. m. centralis andG. m. morsitans confirmed the presence of olfactory receptors on the antennae for the semiochemicals. Both subspecies responded to extracts of the semiochemicals of the other, withG. m. morsitans more responsive to lower concentrations of extract ofG. m. centralis than the converse.

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Changing visual responsiveness in pregnant and larvipositing tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Artificial Warthog Burrows Used to Sample Adult and Immature Tsetse (Glossina spp) in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe

Artificial Warthog Burrows Used to Sample Adult and Immature Tsetse (Glossina spp) in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe

Reproductive adaptations to reduce locomotor costs in viviparous fish (Poeciliidae)

Semiochemicals from anal exudate of larvae of tsetse fliesGlossina morsitans morsitans Westwood andG. morsitans centralis Machado attract gravid females

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