“…Methodologies used to empirically assess hedging and safe-haven relationships as well as flight-to-quality and contagion effects have evolved in different strands of the literature, including the parametric model strand (Baur & Lucey, 2009, 2010; Baur & McDermott, 2010; Bekaert et al, 2014; Dungey et al, 2020), the nonparametric model strand (Bouri et al, 2017; Candelon & Tokpavi, 2016; Mensi et al, 2016) and the tail dependence strand (Apergis et al, 2020; Fry-McKibbin et al, 2019; C. S. Liu et al, 2016; Reboredo, 2013).…”