“…Further studies by Almeida et al (2001) showed that CGR is a generalized Markov chain probability table which can accommodate non-integer orders, and that CGR is a powerful sequence modelling tool because of its computational efficiency and scale-independence (Almeida and Vinga, 2002. Such alignment-free methods have been successfully applied for sequence comparison, phylogeny, detection of horizontal transfers, detection of oligonucleotides of interest, meta-genomic studies (Deschavanne et al, 1999;Pride et al, 2003;Sandberg et al, 2003;Teeling et al, 2004;Chapus et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2005;Dufraigne et al, 2005;Joseph and Sasikumar, 2006).…”