Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis

A study on the effect of ground surface boundary conditions in modelling shallow ground heat exchangers

“…The total installed capacity which was 19420 MW in 2008 increased only (14.86%) to 22812 MW in 2013 as shown in Figure 1. The major increase (85%) was in thermal capacity with soaring tariff of IPPs (Kessides, 2013;NEPRA, 2013;Yearbook, 2011) …”

Reforming the power : an institutional analysis of power sector reforms in Pakistan

“…It appears that the reforms have not really changed the structure and functioning of the power sector. The problems that existed before the reforms, and the main reason for those problems, have continued after the reforms (Kessides, 2013, Malik, 2012. The institutional reforms that were initiated to deal with these problems have apparently met with limited success.…”

“…By the early 1980's, poor performance of vertically integrated electricity sectors had motivated many countries (developed and developing) to reform their power sectors towards a market oriented institutional framework (Bacon and Besant-Jones, 2001, Erdogdu, 2012, Jamasb, 2002. Post-reform evaluations reveal that many reforming countries (mostly developing) have not made major improvements to the performance of their power sectors (Nagayama, 2007, Jamasb, 2006, Jamasb et al, 2004, Kessides, 2013. Discrepancies in reforms' performance amongst developing countries is triggered by differences in country specific institutional endowments such as political and economic institutions, state level organizations and ideology of the key reform entrepreneurs (including rule makers, implementers and employees of the organizations) (Erdogdu, 2013a, Zhang et al, 2008.…”

“…There is capacity shortage, high transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, inefficient pricing structures, costly and ineffective subsidies, circular debts and an inefficient resource mix in generation (Kessides, 2013, Malik, 2012, Malik et al, 2009, Munir and Khalid, 2012). …”

An Integrated Modeling Approach for Forecasting Long-Term Energy Demand in Pakistan

“…As a result of these policies, Pakistan's present electricity generation is mainly from oil and gas with a very limited contribution from coal-fired plants. In order to avoid the power generation sector being vulnerable to the global energy market, it is inevitable to transform country's generation mix [36,37]. The amount of energy import forecasted for Pakistan by various researchers shows that the country will face serious challenges with regards to energy supply and price shocks in future.…”