Large-scale weather systems affect or determine the generation, development and movement of small- and medium-scale convective weather systems, and the understanding of their influence mechanism is of great significance for the prediction and forecasting of small- and medium-scale convective systems. From the perspective of dynamics, based on the Lorenz–Stenflo model describing convective systems and the Lorenz84 model describing low-order atmospheric circulation, we construct a chaotic model of an atmospheric convective system considering large-scale circulation, analyze the influence of the system parameters on the convective system, and design a state feedback controller to adjust the convective motion. For the constructed convective weather system model, the existence and boundedness of its solution are analyzed, the Hamiltonian quantity is solved, the dynamic characteristics of the Lyapunov index, bifurcation diagram, attractor phase diagram and other methods are used to analyze its dynamic characteristics, the physical significance of its dynamic behavior is discussed, and the influence mechanism of the system parameters on convective weather is given. Additionally, the temperature difference between the upper and lower air currents is changed by the state feedback method, which provides a feasible scheme for adjusting the intensity of convective motion. The simulation experiments show that the chaotic model can explain and reveal the complex dynamic behavior of large-scale weather circulation in small- and medium-scale convective systems, which is of great significance for improving the prediction accuracy of convective systems in local areas, and feedback control can obtain the desired convective motion state.