Chapter 12 Distribution of Banded Iron-Formation in Space and Time

James, Harold L.

doi:10.1016/s0166-2635(08)70053-7

Cited by 61 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These tables were compiled from existing literature. Table 2 2 is extensively updated from compilations by James [9], Walker et al [2], Isley [10] and Isley and Abbott [11]. It provides more constrained ages for many BIFs and includes data for BIFs not presented in the previous compilations.…”

Section: The Temporal Distributions Of Sulfate and Iron Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barite, BIFs and bugs: evidence for the evolution of the Earth’s early hydrosphere

Huston

Logan

2004

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

284

142

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The presence of relatively abundant bedded sulfate deposits before 3.2 Ga and after 1.8 Ga, the peak in iron formation abundance between 3.2 and 1.8 Ga, and the aqueous geochemistry of sulfur and iron together suggest that the redox state and the abundances of sulfur and iron in the hydrosphere varied widely during the Archean and Proterozoic. We propose a layered hydrosphere prior to 3.2 Ga in which sulfate produced by atmospheric photolytic reactions was enriched in an upper layer, whereas the underlying layer was reduced and sulfur-poor. Between 3.2 and 2.4 Ga, sulfate reduction removed sulfate from the upper layer, producing broadly uniform, reduced, sulfur-poor and iron-rich oceans. As a result of increasing atmospheric oxygenation around 2.4 Ga, the flux of sulfate into the hydrosphere by oxidative weathering was greatly enhanced, producing layered oceans, with sulfate-enriched, ironpoor surface waters and reduced, sulfur-poor and iron-rich bottom waters. The rate at which this process proceeded varied between basins depending on the size and local environment of the basin. By 1.8 Ga, the hydrosphere was relatively sulfate-rich and iron-poor throughout. Variations in sulfur and iron abundances suggest that the redox state of the oceans was buffered by iron before 2.4 Ga and by sulfur after 1.8 Ga. Crown

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Section: The Temporal Distributions Of Sulfate and Iron Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barite, BIFs and bugs: evidence for the evolution of the Earth’s early hydrosphere

Huston

Logan

2004

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

284

142

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“…It has been suggested that banded iron formations ( BIFs) were formed during periods of high hydrothermal flux (JACOBSEN and PI-MENTEL-KLOSE, 1988a,b). The last of the large BIF deposits were formed during the Neoproterozoic after a hiatus during the Middle Proterozoic (JAMES, 1983). Along with the Sr isotopic signature, these late stage iron formations and anomalous 6 13C signals indicate unusual oceanic conditions during much of the later Neoproterozoic Era ( DERRY et al, 1990;KNOLL et al, 1986;KNOLL and WALKER, 1990;KAUFMAN et al, 199 1).…”

Section: Variations In Erosional and Hydrothermal Fluxes During The Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strontium isotopic variations of Neoproterozoic seawater: Implications for crustal evolution

Asmerom

Jacobsen

Knoll

et al. 1991

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

210

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“…The Maru BIF, on the other hand, consists of magnetite-oxide facies with minor silicatebearing facies (Adekoya, 1998). The trace element concentration of the Gangfelum BIF is similarly low, which is characteristic of Precambrian iron formations (James, 1954(James, , 1983. The nickel contents of Kakun ore (75-181 ppm) is considerably higher than those of the Gangfelum (28-35 ppm), the Maru (<10 ppm) and the Muro BIFs (<10 ppm).…”

Section: Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 96%

Petrography and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Gangfelum Area, Northeastern Nigeria

Bolarinwa¹

2017

ESR

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The Gangfelum Banded Iron Formation (BIF) is located within the basement complex of northeastern Nigeria. It is characterized by alternate bands of iron oxide and quartz. Petrographic studies show that the BIF consist mainly of hematite, goethite subordinate magnetite and accessory minerals including rutile, apatite, tourmaline and zircon. Chemical data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) show that average Fe 2 O 3(t) is 53.91 wt.%. The average values of Al 2 O 3 and CaO are 1.41 and 0.05 wt.% respectively, TiO 2 and MnO are less than 0.5 wt. % each. The data suggested that the BIF is the oxide facies type. Trace element concentrations of Ba (67-332 ppm), Ni (28-35 ppm), Sr (13-55 ppm) and Zr (16-25 ppm) in the Gangfelum BIF are low and similar to the Maru and Muro BIF in northern Nigeria and also the Algoma iron formation from North America, the Orissa iron oxide facies of India and the Itabirite from Minas Gerais in Brazil. The evolution of the Gangfelum BIF involved metamorphism of chemically precipitated or rhythmically deposited iron-rich sediments into hematite-quartz rocks. The banding of the BIF suggested a break in iron precipitation probably due to iron oxide deficiency.

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Chapter 12 Distribution of Banded Iron-Formation in Space and Time

Cited by 61 publications

References 43 publications

Barite, BIFs and bugs: evidence for the evolution of the Earth’s early hydrosphere

Barite, BIFs and bugs: evidence for the evolution of the Earth’s early hydrosphere

Strontium isotopic variations of Neoproterozoic seawater: Implications for crustal evolution

Petrography and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Gangfelum Area, Northeastern Nigeria

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