Chapter 2 Development, physiology, behaviour and ecology of scallop larvae

Cragg, Simon M.

doi:10.1016/s0167-9309(06)80029-3

Cited by 42 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Similarly, within an ecosystem setting, larvae that accumulate fewer lipids (Fig. 2) are generally slower to metamorphose (19) and are more likely to perish once settled (23). Finally, individuals with extended metamorphosis times ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Looking forward, marine organisms will be threatened by aspects of climate change beyond elevated CO 2 , including higher temperatures. Given that the rise in ocean temperatures projected for the coming century (4) is within a range that could also hinder the growth and survival of bivalve larvae (19,42), future studies should consider the impact of higher CO 2 in conjunction with temperature changes in line with such projections.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This algal species administered at this density and at this rate is known to produce high growth rates and survivorship of shellfish larvae through metamorphosis (19,42,45). To promote the high survivorship, containers that were in contact with larvae were never exposed to chemicals .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout experiments, all beakers were submerged in a water bath maintained at 24°C via the use of commercially available heaters and chillers. This temperature generally yields high growth rates for A. irradians and M. mercenaria larvae (19,42). Percent survivorship of all larvae was determined at each of the biweekly water changes when the numbers of larvae in each stage of veligers, pediveligers, and metamorphosed juveniles were quantified.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Talmage

Gobler²

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

332

265

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The combustion of fossil fuels has enriched levels of CO 2 in the world's oceans and decreased ocean pH. Although the continuation of these processes may alter the growth, survival, and diversity of marine organisms that synthesize CaCO 3 shells, the effects of ocean acidification since the dawn of the industrial revolution are not clear. Here we present experiments that examined the effects of the ocean's past, present, and future (21st and 22nd centuries) CO 2 concentrations on the growth, survival, and condition of larvae of two species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalve shellfish (Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians). Larvae grown under near preindustrial CO 2 concentrations (250 ppm) displayed significantly faster growth and metamorphosis as well as higher survival and lipid accumulation rates compared with individuals reared under modern day CO 2 levels. Bivalves grown under near preindustrial CO 2 levels displayed thicker, more robust shells than individuals grown at present CO 2 concentrations, whereas bivalves exposed to CO 2 levels expected later this century had shells that were malformed and eroded. These results suggest that the ocean acidification that has occurred during the past two centuries may be inhibiting the development and survival of larval shellfish and contributing to global declines of some bivalve populations.bivalve larvae | climate change | ocean acidification M ore than 8 Pg of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is released annually into our planet's atmosphere via the combustion of fossil fuels (1). About one-third of anthropogenically derived CO 2 has entered the world's oceans during the past two centuries (2) and atmospheric and surface ocean CO 2 levels are expected to reach ∼750 ppm by 2100 (3, 4). CO 2 entering the ocean decreases the availability of carbonate ions (CO 3 −2 ) and reduces ocean pH, a process known as ocean acidification. These changes in ocean chemistry may have dire consequences for ocean animals that produce hard parts made from calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). The experimental enrichment of CO 2 to levels expected in the coming century has been shown to dramatically alter the growth, survival, and morphology of numerous calcifying organisms including coccolithophores, coral reefs, crustose coralline algae, echinoderms, foraminifera, and pteropods (5-7). Many shellfish also produce calcareous shells, and juvenile and adult clams, mussels, and oysters have been shown to be adversely affected by elevated CO 2 (8-12). The earliest life history stages of shellfish, larvae, have been shown to be especially vulnerable to high CO 2 , displaying large declines in survival and delays in metamorphosis at levels predicted to occur later this century, suggesting recruitment of these populations may be adversely impacted by ocean acidification (12)(13)(14).Although it is clear that calcifying ocean animals such as shellfish are sensitive to the increases in CO 2 projected for the future, the extent to which the rise in CO 2 that has occurred since the dawn of ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Talmage

Gobler²

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

332

265

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“…Temperatures were recorded every 6 min throughout experiments using in situ loggers (Onset), which demonstrated that temperatures varied within 2.5% of target values. The experimental temperature (24°C) is optimal for growth and survival of larvae of these 2 species (Kennedy 1996, Kraeuter & Castagna 2001, Cragg 2006. A gas proportionator system (Cole Parmer Flowmeter system, multitube frame) was used to deliver CO 2 gas to seawater within treatment vessels at multiple rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Talmage¹,

Gobler

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Globally, the frequency of harmful algal blooms is increasing and CO 2 concentrations are rising. These factors represent serious challenges to a multitude of estuarine organisms as well as to efforts to restore depleted stocks of filter-feeding bivalves. In this study, we compared the responses of larval bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Argopecten irradians to the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens (250 × 10 6 cells l −1 and 1 × 10 9 cells l −1, respectively) and a gradient of CO 2 concentrations (~240, ~390, and ~850 ppm). Results indicated that A. anophagefferens and higher levels of CO 2 significantly depressed rates of survival, development, growth, and lipid synthesis of A. irradians larvae with the combination of both factors having the largest effects. C. virginica larvae were also negatively impacted by the harmful alga and elevated CO 2 , but displayed a higher overall survival rate when exposed to these combined stressors. For both species, high densities of A. anophagefferens (10 9 cells l −1) elicited a stronger negative effect on larval survival than high levels of CO 2 concentrations (~850 ppm). Collectively, these results demonstrate that the concurrent occurrence of harmful algal blooms and high CO 2 concentrations will have negative consequences for bivalve populations and further demonstrate that some species of larval bivalves are more resistant to these stressors than others. KEY WORDS: Bivalves · Carbon dioxide · Harmful algal bloom · Brown tide · Ocean acidification · Larvae · Shellfish · Crassostrea virginica · Argopecten irradians Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 464: [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] 2012 bivalves can play an important role in sustaining adult populations (Caley et al. 1996, Gosse lin & Qian 1997, Schneider et al. 2003, Arnold 2008. HAB-forming dinoflagellates have been shown to cause mortality in multiple species of bi valve larvae, including eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Springer et al. 2002, Leverone et al. 2006, Stoecker et al. 2008, Tang & Gobler 2009, northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria (Leverone et al. 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, bay scallops Argopecten irradians irradians and A. i. concentricus (Springer et al. 2002, Yan et al. 2003, Leverone et al. 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, and Japanese scallops Chlamys farreri (Yan et al. 2001). In addition, the brown tide-forming pelagophyte Aureococcus ano pha gefferens has been shown to reduce survival, growth, and lipid content of northern quahog larvae (Padilla et al. 2006, Bricelj & MacQuarrie 2007 and can slow the growth of larval bay scallops (Gallager et al. 1989).Elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are also a significant threat to coastal bivalve populations. CO 2 levels have risen by 40% since the industrial revolution (Caldeira & Wickett 2003), and the rate of increase has tripled since the mid-20th century (Fussel 2009, Friedlingstein et al. 2010. These increases may ...

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Reproduction, settlement and recruitment

Gosling¹

2015

Marine Bivalve Molluscs

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Chapter 2 Development, physiology, behaviour and ecology of scallop larvae

Cited by 42 publications

References 177 publications

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Reproduction, settlement and recruitment

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