Chapter 2. Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 Production and Acquisition

Orthographic bias in L3 lexical knowledge

“…This may lead to L3 learners relying more on the foreign L2 than on their non-foreign L1 (e.g. Hammarberg 2001;Llama, Cardoso & Collins 2010). Lexical knowledge in L3 may also be influenced by learner-related factors, such as proficiency in the source and target languages (e.g.…”

“…Lexical knowledge in L3 may also be influenced by learner-related factors, such as proficiency in the source and target languages (e.g. Hammarberg 2001;Lindqvist 2009;Simon, Escudero & Broersma 2010) or recency of use (e.g. Williams & Hammarberg 1998).…”

Book Review

“…The case of Sarah Williams' third language acquisition has now become a classic and resulted in what is now widely known as ''Role-Function Model'' (Hammarberg, 2001;Hufeisen & Marx, 2007;Williams & Hammarberg, 1998, this model is described concisely in Chapter 4 of this book by Hufeisen). The value of this particular report on the well-known study is that Hammarberg and Hammarberg draw the reader's attention to the aspects of phonetic acquisition which, though important for second and multiple language acquisition, ''were out of the scope of pedagogical books on foreign language pronunciation'' (p. 12).…”

A Critical Overview of Research on Third Language Acquisition and Multilingualism Published in the German Language

“…), and its status as an L2 (foreign languages are more likely to become default suppliers than L1s). Hammarberg (2001a) proposes possible reasons for the use of an L2 as the default supplier, such as a different acquisition mechanism for foreign languages as opposed to the L1, and thus a reactivation of this mechanism in L3 acquisition; and a desire to suppress the L1 as 'non-foreign' and instead orientate oneself towards a prior foreign language when approaching the target language. Such a role division between background languages, such that the L1 dominates in an instrumental and another foreign language in a default supplier role, illustrates two different ways in which a speaker's languages can interact with each other.…”

“…This extremely interesting finding needs to be repeated empirically using various other language sequences and, further, with communication partners who do not -unlike the co-author Hammarberg -speak all three languages involved in the experiment (Hammarberg, 2001a(Hammarberg, , 2001bWilliams & Hammarberg, 1998). 6 …”