CHAPTER 2: Spread and Current Distribution of Fire Blight

Zwet, T. van der; Orolaza-Halbrendt, N.; Zeller, W.

doi:10.1094/9780890544839.003

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora causes the disease commonly referred to as fire blight in apples, pears, and other members of the Rosaceae. Originally native to North America, E. amylovora has spread worldwide and is present in many fruit-growing regions of the world [7]. Infection of trees commences when the nutrient-rich stigma of open blossoms is exposed to E. amylovora and the pathogen begins to replicate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics between Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacteriophages: Exploiting Synergy and Competition to Improve Phage Cocktail Efficacy

et al. 2020

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Bacteriophages are viruses capable of recognizing with high specificity, propagating inside of, and destroying their bacterial hosts. The phage lytic life cycle makes phages attractive as tools to selectively kill pathogenic bacteria with minimal impact on the surrounding microbiome. To effectively harness the potential of phages in therapy, it is critical to understand the phage–host dynamics and how these interactions can change in complex populations. Our model examined the interactions between the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora, the antagonistic epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans, and the bacteriophages that infect and kill both species. P. agglomerans strains are used as a phage carrier; their role is to deliver and propagate the bacteriophages on the plant surface prior to the arrival of the pathogen. Using liquid cultures, the populations of the pathogen, carrier, and phages were tracked over time with quantitative real-time PCR. The jumbo Myoviridae phage ϕEa35-70 synergized with both the Myoviridae ϕEa21-4 and Podoviridae ϕEa46-1-A1 and was most effective in combination at reducing E. amylovora growth over 24 h. Phage ϕEa35-70, however, also reduced the growth of P. agglomerans. Phage cocktails of ϕEa21-4, ϕEa46-1-A1, and ϕEa35-70 at multiplicities of infections (MOIs) of 10, 1, and 0.01, respectively, no longer inhibited growth of P. agglomerans. When this cocktail was grown with P. agglomerans for 8 h prior to pathogen introduction, pathogen growth was reduced by over four log units over 24 h. These findings present a novel approach to study complex phage–host dynamics that can be exploited to create more effective phage-based therapies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics between Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacteriophages: Exploiting Synergy and Competition to Improve Phage Cocktail Efficacy

et al. 2020

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“…Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, is a highly challenging bacterial plant pathogen that threatens sustainable pome fruit production in North America, Central Europe, Middle East and New Zealand (Van der Zwet et al ., ). The disease affects many species in the Rosaceae family, and in particular the economically important apple ( Malus X domestica ) and pear ( Pyrus communis ) cultivars (Vanneste, ; Van der Zwet et al ., ). Bacterial colonization of the flower pistil and hypanthium leads to subsequent migration into plant tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of lysogeny in wild populations of Erwinia amylovora and Pantoea agglomerans

Roach

Sjaarda

et al. 2015

Microbial Biotechnology

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Lytic bacteriophages are in development as biological control agents for the prevention of fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora. Temperate phages should be excluded as biologicals since lysogeny produces the dual risks of host resistance to phage attack and the transduction of virulence determinants between bacteria. The extent of lysogeny was estimated in wild populations of E. amylovora and Pantoea agglomerans with real–time polymerase chain reaction primers developed to detect E. amylovora phages belonging to the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families. Pantoea agglomerans, an orchard epiphyte, is easily infected by Erwinia spp. phages, and it serves as a carrier in the development of the phage-mediated biological control agent. Screening of 161 E. amylovora isolates from 16 distinct geographical areas in North America, Europe, North Africa and New Zealand and 82 P. agglomerans isolates from southern Ontario, Canada showed that none possessed prophage. Unstable phage resistant clones or lysogens were produced under laboratory conditions. Additionally, a stable lysogen was recovered from infection of bacterial isolate Ea110R with Podoviridae phage ΦEa35-20. These laboratory observations suggested that while lysogeny is possible in E. amylovora, it is rare or absent in natural populations, and there is a minimal risk associated with lysogenic conversion and transduction by Erwinia spp. phages.

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“…Let f (•) denote the Hill function in equation ( 2), and let g(•) denote the Hill function in (3). Let K f and K g be the lipschitz coefficients of f (•) and g(•) respectively.…”

Section: Travelling Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fire blight, caused by the gram negative bacterium Erwinia Amylovora [1], was the first plant disease proven to be induced by bacteria. Today, over 200 years since the first printed notice of fire blight [2], this disease continues to threaten commercial apple and pear operations in Europe, North America, the Mediterranean region and the Pacific Rim [3]. When conditions are optimal, fire blight can destroy an entire orchard within a single growing season, causing significant financial losses to both the grower and to the workforce dependent on their production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model for the spread of fire blight during bloom

Eberl¹,

Pupulin²

2022

Preprint

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We derive an infectious disease model to describe the spread of fire blight during bloom. By coupling the disease dynamics of the stationary host with the transport of the pathogen by vectors we are able to investigate the blossom blight disease cycle in a spatial setting. We use Schauder's fixed point theorem in combination with the method of upper and lower solutions to prove the existence of travelling wave solutions when the model parameters satisfy certain constraints. By studying numerical simulations we argue that it is likely that travelling waves exist for model parameters that do not satisfy these constraints. Through a sensitivity analysis we show that ooze-carrying vectors and orchard density both play a significant role in the severity of a blossom blight epidemic when compared to the growth rate of the pathogen and the mobility of ooze-carrying vectors.

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CHAPTER 2: Spread and Current Distribution of Fire Blight

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Population Dynamics between Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacteriophages: Exploiting Synergy and Competition to Improve Phage Cocktail Efficacy

Population Dynamics between Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacteriophages: Exploiting Synergy and Competition to Improve Phage Cocktail Efficacy

Absence of lysogeny in wild populations of Erwinia amylovora and Pantoea agglomerans

A model for the spread of fire blight during bloom

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