Chapter 2 Water Defluoridation Processes: A Review. Application: Nanofiltration (NF) for Future Large-Scale Pilot Plants

Performance of Nanofiltration (NF) and Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis (LPRO) Membranes in the Removal of Fluorine and Salinity from Brackish Drinking Water

“…The occurrence of high concentration of fluorine in water which is encountered in several countries of the World has been reported by several authors [2,[6][7][8]. In Senegal, the presence of high levels of fluorine (4 mg/L) in drinking water is concomitant to a high level of salinity (generally above 3500 mg/L) so much so that it provokes dental and/or skeletal fluorosis [5]. Aware of the problems of public health linked to the excess of fluorine in drinking water, treatment solutions were studied in order to reduce fluorine as well as salinity to levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).…”

“…Water scarcity is a major problem in several parts of the world namely, in the Middle East, in South Europe, and Africa [1]. Besides, there are also some countries which despite abundant available resources, present bitter and salty water or water contaminated by high level of chemicals elements such as nitrate, aluminum, fluorine [2][3][4][5][6]. The occurrence of high concentration of fluorine in water which is encountered in several countries of the World has been reported by several authors [2,[6][7][8].…”

Ex-Situ vs. In-Situ Defluoridation of the Contaminated Aquifers: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…RO membrane rejects ions based on size and electrical charge and could remove greater than 90% of fluoride from water (Gill et al,2004 ;Hindin et al, 1968). Nano filtration membranes work particularly well due to its diffusional behaviour for fluoride rejection, its high hydraulic permeability and high selectivity for rejection of fluoride (Pontié et al, 2006). A particular advantage of NF membranes is that in Reverse Osmosis virtually everything is removed from water whereas NF membranes are selective and can function in a way that it doesn't remove the essential salts from water (Bason et al, 2006;Cervera et al, 2003;Diawara, 2008;Hu & Dickson, 2006;Szymczyk & Fievet, 2005;Szymczyk et al, 2006;Yadav et al, 1999) .…”

“…Millions of dollars have been spent around the globe to mitigate fluoride problem in drinking water by utilizing various households and community level solutions (Brindha et al, 2011;British Geological Survey, 2012;Dahi et al, 1996;Dysart ,2008 ;Fawell & Bailey, 2006;Feenstra et al, 2007;Gill et al,2004;Khichar & Kumbhat, 2015;Loganathan et al, 2013;Mackay & Cherry, 1989;Majumdar, 2011;Mohapatra et al, 2009;Pontié et al, 2006;Thole, 2013). But in most cases only limited success was achieved (Gill et al, 2004;Padmasiri, 2000;Piddennavar & Krishnappa, 2013).…”

The two‐dimensional pore and polarization transport model to describe mixtures separation by nanofiltration: Model validation

“…For this reason, NF is perfectly suitable to fractionate small molecules according to their size as well as their electrical charge. NF membranes are thus widely used in various fields, particularly in the production of drinking water to remove undesirable compounds such as pesticides or monovalent anions (Van der Bruggen et al 1,2 ), with probably a special attention paid to defluoridation to solve problems related to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water in rural areas of many countries (Pontié et al 3 ). NF can also be an interesting solution to selectively demineralize salted water to produce isotonic waters (Oumar Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to S. Déon at sebastien.deon@univ-fcomte.fr.…”