Chapter 20. Age‐Related Bone Loss

Kiel, Douglas P.; Rosen, Clifford J.; Dempster, David W.

doi:10.1002/9780470623992.ch20

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It is important to recognize the differences among animal models of osteoporosis in the site-specificity and rate of bone loss, which might impact treatment effects. Age-related osteoporosis, as modeled in the current study, is characterized by a reduced rate of bone turnover [ 57 , 98 ], whereas ovariectomy is marked by a rapid onset of accelerated bone turnover with an increase in bone resorption and relative deficiency in bone formation [ 99 ]. Both models of osteoporosis result in the deterioration of trabecular bone, but differences may exist in cortical bone response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Response to Dietary Co-Enrichment with Powdered Whole Grape and Probiotics

Blanton

2018

Nutrients

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Nutrition is a primary modifiable determinant of chronic noncommunicable disease, including osteoporosis. An etiology of osteoporosis is the stimulation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dietary polyphenols and probiotics demonstrate protective effects on bone that are associated with reduced ROS formation and suppressed osteoclast activity. This study tested the effect of dietary enrichment with powdered whole grape and probiotics (composed of equal parts Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. bulgaricus) on bone microarchitecture in a mouse model of age-related osteoporosis. Groups (n = 7 each) of 10-month-old male mice were fed one of six diets for 6 months: 10% grape powder with sugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder; 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 10% grape powder + 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder + 1% probiotic; 20% sugar control. Femur, tibia and 4th lumbar vertebrae from 10-month-old mice served as comparator baseline samples. Bone microarchitecture was measured by micro-computed tomography and compared across diet groups using analysis of variance. Aging exerted a significant effect on tibia metaphysis trabecular bone, with baseline 10-month-old mice having significantly higher bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number measurements and lower trabecular spacing measurements than all 16-month-old groups (p < 0.001). Neither grape nor probiotic enrichment significantly improved bone microarchitecture during aging compared to control diet. The combination of 20% grape + 1% probiotic exerted detrimental effects on tibia metaphysis BV/TV compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, and trabecular number and trabecular spacing compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, 1% probiotic and control groups (p < 0.05). Femur metaphysis trabecular bone displayed less pronounced aging effects than tibia bone, but also showed detrimental effects of the 20% grape + 1% probiotic vs. most other diets for BV/TV, trabecular number, trabecular spacing and trabecular pattern factor (p < 0.05). Tibia and femur diaphysis cortical bone (cortical wall thickness and medullary area) displayed neither aging nor diet effects (p > 0.05). Vertebrae bone showed age-related deterioration in trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing and a trend toward preservation of trabecular thickness by grape and/or probiotic enrichment (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate no benefit to bone of combined compared to independent supplementation with probiotics or whole grape powder and even suggest an interference of co-ingestion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Response to Dietary Co-Enrichment with Powdered Whole Grape and Probiotics

Blanton

2018

Nutrients

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“…Other environmental and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, inactivity and loss of muscle mass also impact the rate and severity of bone loss with age. Likewise, medications such as glucocorticoids, TZDs, anticonvulsants and SSRIs have been shown to cause bone loss in the elderly population [23].…”

Section: Impact Of Environmental Factors On Bone Loss With Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes of Aging Bone

Syed

Iqbal²,

Peng³

et al. 2010

Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology and Geriatrics

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Our understanding of gerontological bone loss and osteoporosis has grown substantially in the recent past. Clinical as well as basic and translational studies have been pivotal in providing us with the pathophysiology of this condition. They have also informed us of the various cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age related bone loss. This chapter focuses on the current concepts and paradigms of age related bone loss in humans and how various animal and cellular models have broadened our understanding in this fascinating but complex area. Changes in hormonal, neuronal and biochemical cues with age and their effect on bone have been discussed. This chapter also outlines recent studies on the relationship between bone and fat in the marrow, and the fate of the marrow mesenchymal stromal cell population which can give rise to either bone forming osteoblasts or fat-forming adipocytic cells as a function of age.

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“…Beginning in adulthood, age-associated alterations of the musculoskeletal system progress and eventually result in a loss of bone mass (1, 2). With increasing life expectancy, such structural alterations represent a growing clinical challenge: By 2050 people over 60 years will nearly double from about 12 to 22%, to a total of two billion (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in the Adaptive Immunity Impacts Bone Homeostasis, Remodeling, and Healing

et al. 2019

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Bone formation as well as bone healing capacity is known to be impaired in the elderly. Although bone formation is outpaced by bone resorption in aged individuals, we hereby present a novel path that considerably impacts bone formation and architecture: Bone formation is substantially reduced in aged individual owing to the experience of the adaptive immunity. Thus, immune-aging in addition to chronological aging is a potential risk factor, with an experienced immune system being recognized as more pro-inflammatory. The role of the aging immune system on bone homeostasis and on the bone healing cascade has so far not been considered. Within this study mice at different age and immunological experience were analyzed toward bone properties. Healing was assessed by introducing an osteotomy, immune cells were adoptively transferred to disclose the difference in biological vs. chronological aging. In vitro studies were employed to test the interaction of immune cell products (cytokines) on cells of the musculoskeletal system. In metaphyseal bone, immune-aging affects bone homeostasis by impacting bone formation capacity and thereby influencing mass and microstructure of bone trabeculae leading to an overall reduced mechanical competence as found in bone torsional testing. Furthermore, bone formation is also impacted during bone regeneration in terms of a diminished healing capacity observed in young animals who have an experienced human immune system. We show the impact of an experienced immune system compared to a naïve immune system, demonstrating the substantial differences in the healing capacity and bone homeostasis due to the immune composition. We further showed that in vivo mechanical stimulation changed the immune system phenotype in young mice toward a more naïve composition. While this rescue was found to be significant in young individuals, aged mice only showed a trend toward the reconstitution of a more naïve immune phenotype. Considering the immune system's experience level in an individual, will likely allow one to differentiate (stratify) and treat (immune-modulate) patients more effectively. This work illustrates the relevance of including immune diagnostics when discussing immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies for the progressively aging population of the industrial countries.

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Chapter 20. Age‐Related Bone Loss

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Bone Response to Dietary Co-Enrichment with Powdered Whole Grape and Probiotics

Bone Response to Dietary Co-Enrichment with Powdered Whole Grape and Probiotics

Clinical, Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes of Aging Bone

Experience in the Adaptive Immunity Impacts Bone Homeostasis, Remodeling, and Healing

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