Chapter 22 Organization and plasticity of GABA neurons and receptors in monkey visual cortex

Hendry, S. H. C.; Carder, Renee K.

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63627-4

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In contrast to the mild changes reported here after monocular enucleation, PV-ir and CB-ir were heavily affected in the visual cortex of adult New and Old World monkeys after tetrodotoxin injections in one eye (Hendry & Carder, 1992;and personal communication). In their qualitative description, these authors report a reduction of PV-ir in both neuronal and neuropil staining in the deprived ODCs and an increased staining of CB-ir in the interblob regions; those compartments which show low CB-ir immunoreactivity in normal adult animals.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Discrete reduction patterns of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation

et al. 1994

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We analyzed the immunohistochemical distribution of the two calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin D-28k (CB), in the primary visual cortex and lateral dorsal geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of monocularly enucleated macaque monkeys {Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina) in order to determine how the expression of PV and CB is affected by functional inactivity. The monkeys survived 1-17 weeks after monocular enucleation. The distribution pattern of each of the proteins was examined immunocytochemically using monoclonal antibodies and compared with that of the metabolic marker cytochrome oxidase (CO). We recorded manually the number of immunostained neurons and estimated the concentration of immunoreactive staining product using a computerized image-acquisition system. Our results indicate a decrease of approximately 30% in the labeling of PV-immunoreactive (ir) neuropil particularly in those layers of denervated ocular-dominance columns receiving the geniculocortical input. There was no change in the number of PV-ir neurons in any compartment irrespective of the enucleation interval. For CB-ir, we found a 20% decrease in the neuropil labeling in layer 2/3 of the denervated ocular-dominance columns. In addition, a subset of pyramidal CB-ir neurons in layers 2 and 4B, which are weakly stained in control animals, showed decreased labeling. In the dLGN of enucleated animals, PV-ir and CB-ir were decreased only in the neuropil of the denervated layers.From these results, we conclude that cortical interneurons and geniculate projection neurons still express PV and CB in their cell bodies after disruption of the direct functional input from one eye. The only distinct decrease of PV and CB expression is seen in axon terminals from retinal ganglion cells in the dLGN, and in the axons and terminals of both geniculocortical projection cells and cortical interneurons in the cerebral cortex.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Discrete reduction patterns of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation

et al. 1994

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“…This raises the possibility that synaptic activity, or synaptic activity-related events, may play a role in the regulation and in the fate determination of the GABAergic cell population. Several studies support the notion that electrical activity changes the expression of GABA in the intact adult and developing neocortex Jones, 1986, 1988;Neve and Bear, 1989;Hendry and Carder, 1992). Similar observations were made in cerebellar cultures and cerebral cortical cultures (Ramakers et al, 1990(Ramakers et al, , 1994Corner and Ramakers, 1992;Reissner et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Identification of two distinct populations of ?-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in cultures of the rat cerebral cortex

Lima

Voigt

1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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Two types of neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were identified in cultures of embryonic rat neocortex. Large GABAergic neurons were already present 4 hours after plating, whereas small ones appeared later. Both types were shown to be neurons by double labeling with GABA and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunocytochemistry. The large GABAergic neurons represented less than 5% of the adherent cells, developed neurites rapidly, and progressed synchronously through the polarization and differentiation steps characteristic of the whole neuronal population. During the second week in culture, these GABA-immunoreactive cells developed into large, stellate neurons with fairly homogeneous morphology and poorly ramified, straight dendrites. At the same time, the GABAergic neuropil increased greatly, and neurites of GABAergic neurons showed advancing maturity and smoothness. The axon of each cell covered extensive areas of the culture, frequently encircling the somata of unlabeled neurons in a basket-like fashion. Significant numbers of small GABAergic cells developed only in the absence of the mitotic inhibition routinely used to control glial proliferation. These late-born GABAergic neurons went through neuritogenesis when most of the other neurons were already forming synapses on their somatodendritic surfaces. In mature cultures, they had a multipolar or fusiform morphology with spine-bearing dendrites. They had small somata and were often present inside clusters of neurons. Their short axons showed no obvious basket-like pattern of arborization. Thus, the two types of GABAergic neurons identified in cortical cultures differed in their morphology, distribution, and developmental history. We propose that intercellular interactions during early synaptogenesis may play a role in the development of different morphological types of GABAergic neurons in vitro.

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“…Double-labeling of COX-2 with other neural markers was carried out by sequential immunofluorescence assays on free-floating sections as reported (22). The following markers were used: astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein; excitatory/pyramidal neurons, glutamate (23), a subunit of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) (24), SMI-32, an antibody that labels nonphosphorylated neurofilaments (25), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) (26); and GABAergic neurons, calbindin-D28k (CaBP), and parvalbumin (PV) (27).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COX-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex.

Kaufmann

Worley²,

Pegg

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

559

356

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Postnatal development and adult function of the central nervous system are dependent on the capacity of neurons to effect long-term changes of specific properties in response to neural activity. This neuronal response has been demonstrated to be tightly correlated with the expression of a set of regulatory genes which include transcription factors as well as molecules that can directly modify cellular signaling. It is hypothesized that these proteins play a role in activitydependent responses. Previously, we described the expression and regulation in brain of an inducible form of prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase, termed COX-2. COX-2 is a ratelimiting enzyme in prostanoid synthesis and its expression is rapidly regulated in developing and adult forebrain by physiological synaptic activity. Here we demonstrate that COX-2 immunoreactivity is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of excitatory neurons in neo-and allocortices, hippocampus, and amygdala and is compartmentalized to dendritic arborizations. Moreover, COX-2 immunoreactivity is present in dendritic spines, which are specialized structures involved in synaptic signaling. The developmental profile of COX-2 expression in dendrites follows well known histogenetic gradients and coincides with the critical period for activitydependent synaptic remodeling. These results suggest that COX-2, and its diffusible prostanoid products, may play a role in postsynaptic signaling of excitatory neurons in cortex and associated structures.Neural activity results in specific structural and functional modifications of the cerebral cortex. This activity-dependent process is essential for achieving the appropriate synaptic relationships during development and for normal function of the mature cortex (1). Recent studies are beginning to identify molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent changes (2). There is abundant correlative evidence linking neural activity and transcription factor (TF) expression (3). Members of the Fos, Jun, and zinc finger TF families are naturally expressed at high levels in specific populations of cortical neurons and this expression is tightly regulated by synaptic activity (4, 5). Furthermore, these TFs are also rapidly and transiently induced in different paradigms of synaptic plasticity consistent with the notion that they regulate the expression of specific effector genes that underlie long-term plasticity (3).In addition to TFs, the initial genomic response to neural activity includes proteins that can directly modify cellular function. Among them is an inducible form of the enzyme prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase, termed COX-2 (6-9). Cyclooxygenase is the first enzyme in the prostaglandin/ prostacyclin/thromboxane pathway and converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2/prostaglandin H2. There are presently two known forms of cyclooxygenase: a constitutively expressed form termed COX-1 (10) and the inducible formThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must the...

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Chapter 22 Organization and plasticity of GABA neurons and receptors in monkey visual cortex

Cited by 42 publications

References 84 publications

Discrete reduction patterns of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation

Discrete reduction patterns of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation

Identification of two distinct populations of ?-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in cultures of the rat cerebral cortex

COX-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex.

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