“…In a recent study, Nishio, Fujikake and Osawa (2020) found that in addition to learning FL skills, the motivation to learn a foreign language was improved as the social process itself revealed personal significance and increased desire to learn. Other studies have found critical thinking (Batardière 2015;Von der Emde, Schneider & Kötter 2001) and digital literacy (Helm 2014) to be outcomes associated with a VE. More recently, O'Dowd (2020) has argued that VE can be a vehicle for promoting global citizenship's core values, such as respect for diversity, non-discrimination and solidarity for humanity.…”