Chapter 4 Examples of Using Advanced Analytical Techniques to Investigate the Degradation of Photographic Materials

Pietro, Giovanna Di

doi:10.1016/s1871-1731(07)80006-6

Cited by 9 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The large percentages by weight of silver in the veil areas of the print when compared to the black region of a print indicate that silver in the emulsion layer is migrating to the surface of the gelatin layer during the mordançage process. Interestingly, these results are comparable to black and white prints that have “mirrored,” because in both cases the silver atoms in the emulsion layer moves closer to the surface . In the future, additional experiments will be done to explore other regions of the prints and cross sections of the print layers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Interestingly, these results are comparable to black and white prints that have "mirrored," because in both cases the silver atoms in the emulsion layer moves closer to the surface. 22 In the future, additional experiments will be done to explore other regions of the prints and cross sections of the print layers.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the larger percent by weight of silver in veils than that compared to a black area of an untreated print suggests that silver in the emulsion layer is migrating to the print surface during the process. This is consistent with previous work examining the “mirrors” which form on old photographs …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is consistent with previous work examining the "mirrors" which form on old photographs. 22 Considering all these experiments and the relative reduction potentials of the mordancage solution components, we offer the following explanation of the chemical and physical changes related to the mordancage process, visualized in Figure 8. When a print is submerged in the process solution in step I, the hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid soften the gelatin layers, and copper(II) ions permeate the binder and oxidize the silver in the print as in reaction 1.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chemistry of Mordançage, a Historic Photographic Process

Fudala

Jones

2019

Anal. Chem.

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Based on a 19th century method, the process known as mordançage has been used to dramatically alter black and white photographs since the 1960s. Mordançage subjects a fully developed photograph to a series of wet chemical reactions, beginning with an acidic copper(II) chloride and hydrogen peroxide bleaching solution. Different types of photographic paper, time in mordançage solution, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, copper(II) chloride, and acetic acid are all variables that influence the degree of emulsion lift and corresponding veils observed. We conducted experiments to explore these variables and analyzed processed prints using ImageJ to measure changes in pixel intensity and SEM-EDS for compositional analysis. Fiber-based and cotton rag papers resulted in more emulsion lift than resin-coated paper, and increased time in the mordançage solution had similar results. Quantitative analysis of the bleaching solution reveals how the process variables affect the formation of veils, and a process scheme is presented. This work provides insight into the chemical transformations involved in this artistic process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chemistry of Mordançage, a Historic Photographic Process

Fudala

Jones

2019

Anal. Chem.

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“…X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, can be used in special cases. For example, these methods have been used for investigating the degradation of photographic paper (Pietro, 2007). Neutron activation analysis was used for the investigation of the photographic paper in Stulik and Kaplan (2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%