Chapter 4 The properties of the serotoninergic system in the retina

Brunken, William J.; Jin, Xiao Tao; Pis-Lopez, Ana Marie

doi:10.1016/0278-4327(93)90005-e

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…To test this possibility, we applied 10 nM melatonin in the presence of 5μM SCH 23390 and 5μM spiperone, which are antagonists for D1- and D2-class dopamine receptors respectively. Although spiperone is also an antagonist for serotonin receptors (Hoyer et al, 1994), the rat retina contains insignificant levels of serotonin (Brunken et al, 1993, Han et al, 2007) and so for the purpose of this experiment, spiperone can be assumed to specifically target D2-class dopamine receptors. In the presence of these antagonists, M4 cells had a relatively depolarized resting potential of −48.1±1.8 mV, and action potentials became very small and were often difficult to distinguish from spontaneous synaptic potentials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin modulates M4-type ganglion-cell photoreceptors

2015

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In the retina, melatonin is secreted at night by rod/cone photoreceptors and serves as a dark-adaptive signal. Melatonin receptors have been found in many retinal neurons including melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), suggesting it could modulate the physiology of these inner retinal photoreceptors. Here, we investigated whether melatonin modulates the alpha-like M4-type ipRGCs, which are believed to mediate image-forming vision as well as non-image-forming photoresponses. Applying melatonin during daytime (when endogenous melatonin secretion is low) caused whole-cell-recorded M4 cells’ rod/cone-driven depolarizing photoresponses to become broader and larger, whereas the associated elevation in spike rate was reduced. Melanopsin-based light responses were not affected significantly. Nighttime application of the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole also altered M4 cells’ rod/cone-driven light responses but in the opposite ways: the duration and amplitude of the graded depolarization were reduced, whereas the accompanying spiking increase was enhanced. These luzindole-induced changes confirmed that M4 cells are modulated by endogenous melatonin. Melatonin could induce the above effects by acting directly on M4 cells because immunohistochemistry detected MT1 receptors in these cells, although it could also act presynaptically. Interestingly, the daytime and nighttime recordings showed significant differences in resting membrane potential, spontaneous spike rate and rod/cone-driven light responses, suggesting that M4 cells are under circadian control. This is the first report of a circadian variation in ipRGCs’ resting properties and synaptic input, and of melatoninergic modulation of ipRGCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin modulates M4-type ganglion-cell photoreceptors

2015

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“…In most species, serotonin has been localized to at least one subpopulation ofamacrine cell (72). Putative serotonergic bipolar cells are also described in non-mammalian species.…”

Section: Serotoninmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neurotransmitters in the retina

Pourcho

1996

Current Eye Research

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Processing of visual information within the retina depends in large measure upon a complement of chemical neurotransmitters which are released at synaptic contacts between individual neurons. Numerous investigators have participated in the identification of many of these transmitters and their assignment to specific neuronal subpopulations. However, it is now clear that the action of each transmitter depends upon the receptor molecules to which it binds. Multidisciplinary studies are underway to characterize these receptors as well as to investigate transporter molecules which may serve not only to inactivate certain neurotransmitters but may also function in their release.

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“…93 The effects mediated by 5-HT 2 on rabbit retinal ganglion cells are essentially the opposite of those mediated by 5-HT 1A . 88 In rat retinas, the mRNA for 5-HT 2C has been localized to a subset of perikarya in the proximal INL and in the GCL by in situ hybridization, a finding suggesting that these receptors are expressed by amacrine cells, ganglion cells, or both types. 123 Acting through 5-HT 2 , serotonin decreases the Cl − current through GABA C receptors of rat bipolar cells.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…116,117 The effects of the 5-HT 1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-npropylamino) tetralin(8-OH-DPAT) are particularly well-characterized in rabbit retinas. 88 8-OH-DPAT reduces the ON responses of retinal ganglion cells; it either has no effect or increases the responses of OFF cells. Although 8-OH-DPAT has no effect on horizontal cells or the b-wave of the ERG, it blocks the inhibitory effects of horizontal cell stimulation on retinal ganglion cells.…”

Section: Retinopetal Axons Containing Serotoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…85,86 In rabbits, there are amacrine cells that take up 5-HT so avidly that they are labeled with antibodies to 5-HT after contamination with blood. 87,88 However, because these cells do not contain detectable amounts of endogenous serotonin, they are thought to use other molecules as their neuro-transmitters. It is unlikely that platelets are the source of the immunoreactive serotonin in retinopetal axons of macaque and baboon retinas, however, because the animals were exsanguinated or perfused before the eyes were removed, and there was no detectable blood in the retinal vessels.…”

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Retinopetal Axons in Mammals: Emphasis on Histamine and Serotonin

Gastinger

Tian

Horváth

et al. 2006

Current Eye Research

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Since 1892, anatomical studies have demonstrated that the retinas of mammals, including humans, receive input from the brain via axons emerging from the optic nerve. There are only a small number of these retinopetal axons, but their branches in the inner retina are very extensive. More recently, the neurons in the brain stem that give rise to these axons have been localized, and their neurotransmitters have been identified. One set of retinopetal axons arises from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus and uses histamine, and the other arises from perikarya in the dorsal raphe and uses serotonin. These serotonergic and histaminergic neurons are not specialized to supply the retina; rather, they are a subset of the neurons that project via collaterals to many other targets in the central nervous system, as well. They are components of the ascending arousal system, firing most rapidly when the animal is awake and active. The contributions of these retinopetal axons to vision may be predicted from the known effects of serotonin and histamine on retinal neurons. There is also evidence suggesting that retinopetal axons play a role in the etiology of retinal diseases. Keywordscentrifugal; efferent; histamine; primate; serotonin MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF RETINOPETAL AXONS IN MAMMALSIn mammalian retinas, three types of retinopetal axons have been distinguished by morphological criteria. The first type gives rise to terminals in the outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Typically, the axons terminate along the border with the inner nuclear Copyright (Figs. 1A and 1C). Using the Golgi method, axons with this pattern of branching have been identified in dog 1 and chimpanzee 2 retinas. The second type of retinopetal axon is larger in diameter, varicose, and terminates in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). In rats, these axons are labeled with antibodies to serotonin after loading the retina with a related indoleamine, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). They originate from perikarya in the optic chiasm or the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. 3 Retinopetal axons similar to these are labeled with neurofilament antibodies in the mouse retina. 4 Neurons that project from the anterior hypothalamus to the retina have been identified in a prosimian, 5 but their terminals in the retina have not been described.The third type of retinopetal axon branches extensively in IPL (Fig. 1B). Using the Golgi method, Polyak described axons like these in macaque retinas. 2 They run in the optic fiber layer (OFL), and they give off a nearly vertical branch to the IPL, where they branch extensively in a broad band in the center of the layer. In the mouse retina, axons with a similar branching pattern are labeled with neurofilament antibodies. 4 These axons are also labeled using reduced silver stains in monkey 6,7 and human 8,9 retinas. These studies confirmed and extended Polyak's descriptions, and they also demonstrated clear morphological differences between retinopetal axons and those of ganglion cells with intraretin...

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Chapter 4 The properties of the serotoninergic system in the retina

Cited by 25 publications

References 80 publications

Melatonin modulates M4-type ganglion-cell photoreceptors

Melatonin modulates M4-type ganglion-cell photoreceptors

Neurotransmitters in the retina

Retinopetal Axons in Mammals: Emphasis on Histamine and Serotonin

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