Chapter 4d Application Of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry To The Analysis Of Foodstuffs

Analytical Chemistry of Element Determination (Non‐Nuclear and Nuclear)

“…A chapter on sampling dairy and related products is in the book edited by Marshall (1993) on Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products. Specific sampling procedures for various food commodities are summarized by Ihnat (1982), based mostly on the AOAC manual.…”

“…All necessary and desired steps taken after collection and prior to sample treatment are pooled under the term pretreatment (Ihnat 1982, 2003, Horwitz 2000. This generally includes washing to reduce extraneous soil and other contamination from plant materials, grinding, milling, drying and mixing.…”

“…Recommended procedures of sample treatment for various food commodities are presented by Ihnat (1982) in a chapter in a book devoted to atomic absorption spectrometry (Cantle 1982a Hoenig (2001) in an article on preparation steps in environmental trace element analysis -facts and traps, states that long-term experience has shown that precise sample preparation (i.e., collection, storage and decomposition) is the most critical part of the analysis because it is responsible for the largest and hidden sources of errors. The review describes the present knowledge regarding possibilities of and errors in preparation steps and impact on quality of measurement.…”

“…Data from references listed below may have been taken from additional sources listed therein, generally not repeated here. Data for FAAS are from: Welz and Sperling (1999) (limits of detection are defined as 3 s and all were determined using matrix-free calibration solutions); Stoeppler (1991) (1st edition of this book; data are reported to have been converted to a 3 s basis and are based on values from Welz (1985); Ihnat (1984) (typical good DLs for elements in aqueous solution at typically the most detective lines); Ihnat (1982) (DLs are reported as'good, typical DLs', usually referring to the concentration of the element producing an absorption equal to twice the standard deviation of a blank, in most suitable flames); Cantle (1982b) (typical data with appropriate flames); Boumans (1987b). Data for ETAAS (GFAAS) are from: Welz and Sperling (1999) (limits of detection are defined as 3 s and were measured under STPF conditions with 50 mL measurement solution using Perkin-Elmer Zeeman 4100, Zeeman 5100 or SIMAA 600 spectrometers); Stoeppler (1991) (data are reported to have been converted to a 3 s basis and are for Zeeman GFAAS; an injected volume of 30 mL is assumed, with other considerations in situations not permitting this volume or allowing multiple injections prior to a single firing); Ihnat (1984) (typical good DLs for elements in aqueous solution at typically the most detective lines; absolute DLs were converted to concentration units assuming a 10 mL charge in the electrothermal atomizer); Robinson (1996 (data are for a carbon rod atomizer (Mini-Massman furnace) and are based on a 1 g sample); Klockenkämper (1997) (data were interpolated from a logarithmic figure and are for aqueous solutions or their residues for 50 mL specimens).…”

“…Data for ETAAS (GFAAS) are from: Welz and Sperling (1999) (limits of detection are defined as 3 s and were measured under STPF conditions with 50 mL measurement solution using Perkin-Elmer Zeeman 4100, Zeeman 5100 or SIMAA 600 spectrometers); Stoeppler (1991) (data are reported to have been converted to a 3 s basis and are for Zeeman GFAAS; an injected volume of 30 mL is assumed, with other considerations in situations not permitting this volume or allowing multiple injections prior to a single firing); Ihnat (1984) (typical good DLs for elements in aqueous solution at typically the most detective lines; absolute DLs were converted to concentration units assuming a 10 mL charge in the electrothermal atomizer); Robinson (1996 (data are for a carbon rod atomizer (Mini-Massman furnace) and are based on a 1 g sample); Klockenkämper (1997) (data were interpolated from a logarithmic figure and are for aqueous solutions or their residues for 50 mL specimens). Data for HGAAS and CVAAS are from: Welz and Sperling (1999 (limits of detection are defined as 3 s and were measured with FI and 500 mL measurement solution); Stoeppler (1991 (data are reported to have been converted to a 3 s basis and a volume of 20 mL is assumed; preconcentration (of Hg) on noble metal nets and wool can improve DLs by an order of magnitude); Ihnat (1984 typical good DLs for elements in aqueous solution at typically the most detective lines); Ihnat (1982) (DLs are reported as'good, typical DLs', usually referring to the concentration of the element producing an absorption equal to twice the standard deviation of a blank, in most suitable flames); Cantle (1982b) (typical data); Boumans (1987b). Data for ICPAES(PN) are from: Boumans (1987b) (DLs, on a 2 s basis, are for conventional Ar ICPs and pneumatic nebulization and taken from eight reports; specific instrumental conditions are reported i.e., 27 MHz and 50 MHz ICPs, and various spectrometer characteristics and settings such as monochromator, polychromator with compromise conditions, high resolution); Stoeppler (1991) (data are reported to have been converted to 3 s and are for the most sensitive lines with a 50 MHz conventional Ar ICP spectrometer); Ihnat (1984) (typical good DLs for elements in aqueous solution at typically the most detective lines reflecting both calculated and measured values); Broekaert (1994); Thompson and Walsh (1989).…”