Chapter 6<BR> An Ecological Model of Resilience in Late Life

Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in old age through positive psychology studies: a scoping review

“…Positive psychological traits and resources associated with adaptation to longer life constitute another theme quite examined throughout the studies presented in this review. Optimism, positive attitudes toward aging, purpose in life, resilience and coping as examples of important personal strengths and psychological processes to maintain (or regain well-being in the face of adversity) are extremely important since this life stage is characterized by diverse conditions of challenge and lost (Aldwin & Igarashi, 2012;Tovel & Carmel, 2013). Other interesting topics we've identified that are increasingly being studied are religion/spirituality and successful aging.…”

The Relationship Between Family Resilience and Aging Successfully

“…The majority of the U.S. population will at some point face normative agerelated difficulties such as declines in physical and cognitive health and decreased mobility (Aldwin & Igarashi, 2012;Smith & Hayslip, 2012). While, some also experience non-normative adversities (e.g., terminal illness, loss of financial security or residence, increased social isolation).…”

“…Older adults frequently experience both normative age-related and concentrated non-normative changes such as declines in health and functioning, decreased mobility, diagnosis of chronic or terminal illness, death of spouse and/or friend, loss of social status, decreased financial security, retirement, changes in residence, and social ageism (Aldwin & Igarashi, 2012;Smith & Hayslip, 2012). In addition the constellation of the family is also changing where there is an increase in multigenerational families around an aging adult.…”

居住常态理论和美国老年人就地养老行为分析①

“…First, they will be more resilient individuals (Skodol, 2010;Aldwin et al, 2012;Wiles et al, 2012b;Wild et al, 2013). They will have personalities, values, and demographics that motivate and enable them to find creative and constructive adaptive strategies to deal with their adversity.…”

“…了解他们， 能够欣赏或者至少容忍他们独特的行为 或生活方式， 他们也无需一直向别人介绍和证明自 己 (Cumming et al, 1962 (Golant, 1984)。这些地方可能出现社会秩序混乱 (如犯罪、 毒品、 酗酒、 破坏公物)， 建筑物废弃或破 败。老年人一般会减少外出， 因为独自外出缺乏安 全感； 并且， 这些地方往往缺少休闲娱乐的条件(如 公园、 广场、 图书馆和为老年人组织的活动)， 及保 健和长期照护服务 (Krause, 2003;Yao et al, 2008)。 第六， 大量的美国老年人住在公共交通不能覆 盖的人口稀疏的城市郊区或农村地区。当他们还 能开车时， 购物等日常活动尚无多大困难。然而随 着年龄增大， 开车变得不可能或不安全。许多上年 纪的寡居老人也存在交通困难， 因为她们再也不能 依靠丈夫送自己到目的地 (Mezuk et al, 2008;Connell et al, 2013 (Golant, 1998)。 为了解老年人如何评价其居所， 本文援引作者 以前构建的居住常态理论模型(The Residential Normalcy Theoretical Model) 加 以 分 析 (Golant, 2011)。 模型假定： 当老年人拥有符合他们需求和目标的合 适居所时， 就会表现出总体良好或积极的情感体 验； 它进一步解释了一些老年人能更加有效地应对 其住所的麻烦或不足的原因(图 1)。 4.1 居住情感体验 地理学家早就认识到有必要研究人们对其居 住或活动其中的住所的感受 (Rowles, 1978;Milligan, 2005;Andrews et al, 2013Andrews et al, , 2014Skinner et al, 2015)。同样， 心理学家认为个体的情绪反应代表 了 " 人 类 应 对 各 种 环 境 的 共 同 核 心 " (Mehrabian, 1980)。研究人类寿命的学者尤其强调情感的激励 作用 (Magai, 2001)。居住常态理论模型区分了两类 独 立 的 情 感 体 验 ： 居 住 舒 适 情 感 体 验 (residential comfort emotional experiences)和居住掌控情感体验 (residential mastery emotional experiences)。模型认 为， 如果这两组体验都是整体上满意或肯定的， 则 老年人达到居住常态 (Golant, 2011) (Kanner et al, 1981) Skodol, 2010;Aldwin et al, 2012;Wiles et al, 2012b;Wild et al, 2013) (Langer et al, 1983;Lieberman, 1991;Morgan et al, 2013 Abstract: Older Americans prefer to remain in their current dwellings as long as possible and usually move infrequently, that is, they age in place. This paper explains their infrequent relocation adjustments and shows that this residential inertia results in significant shares of older people who live in unaffordable dwellings with physical deficiencies, in neighborhoods with various undesirable physical and social changes, and who are socially isolated with unmet long-term care needs.…”