CHAPTER 6. Poly(phosphorhydrazone) Dendrimers and Other Phosphorus-containing Dendrimers

Abstract

This chapter will focus on the methods of synthesis of phosphorus-containing dendritic architectures, mainly of phosphorhydrazone type, coming from our group, but also on other types of phosphorus dendrimers coming from other laboratories. The different types of cores, branches, and surface functionalities of phosphorhydrazone dendrimers will be displayed. An overview of the field will be given, concerning not only regular dendrimers, but also dendrimers with layered architectures, dendrons, and various types of less symmetrical dendritic architectures, all based on phosphorus derivatives. The properties of these compounds will be briefly highlighted in the last part of this chapter, concerning in particular catalysis, nanomaterials, and biology/nanomedicine.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Nanodelivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

“…The PPH dendrimers have phosphorus atoms in their structure and are nonpolar molecules. They require polar groups to be attached at the periphery of the molecules to make the dendrimers more water-soluble [ 104 ]. The polyester dendrimers have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and the in vitro activity tests showed that these dendrimers have significant antibacterial activity and can act synergistically with bioactive peptides [ 105 , 106 ].…”

Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases

“…For details on their preparation, the reader is referred to excellent books and reviews on the literature [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. In the biomedical field, the dendritic families which stand out are poly(amino amide) (PAMAM) [ 31 ], poly(propylene imine) (PPI), poly(L-lysine) (PLL) [ 32 ], carbosilane [ 33 ], poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH) [ 34 ], and polyester dendrimers [ 35 ] ( Figure 2 ). The biocompatibility, flexibility, and commercial availability are behind their prevalence in this field.…”

“…PPH dendrimers, which can be quantitatively prepared up to generation 12 [ 38 ], present phosphorus atoms throughout the entire dendritic scaffold and have been widely studied for biomedical applications [ 34 ], Figure 2 E. Like carbosilane dendrimers, PPH are also “inorganic dendrimers” with a huge variability in cores, branches, and peripheral groups, and require the attachment of polar groups in the periphery to become water-soluble.…”

Synthesis of Heterofunctional Polyester Dendrimers with Internal and External Functionalities as Versatile Multipurpose Platforms

“…To date, dendrimers are the only polymeric scaffolds capable of providing these features due to their monodispersity and multivalency, , besides the influence of the branched architecture in drug delivery. , Successful examples, at the preclinical or even clinical stage, have been reported for dendrimers comprising polylysine ( e.g ., VivaGel), poly­(amidoamine) (PAMAM), phosphorous, and bis-MPA-based polyester scaffolds, among others. To expand their usefulness, heterofunctional dendrimers (HFDs) were developed, which contain at least two distinctive functionalities typically attached to the dendritic surface in a statistical, alternating, or block manner, but most often having dormant interiors. ,, …”

“…Consequently, novel synthetic strategies that can expand the scaffolding window of already established dendrimers and in parallel maintain the intrinsic features of the main building block are logical progressions in dendrimer chemistry. , The new multipurpose HFDs would resemble most of the properties of their parents, e.g ., biocompatibility, degradability, and solubility, while providing increased accessibility and carrying capability of the typically dormant interior. To accomplish this, traditional building blocks must be synthetically revisited and reprogrammed to include orthogonal chemoselective groups that are dormant during the dendrimer growth.…”